4 IC         io9 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRIC 

OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS— BULLED 

A.   C.   TRUE,    Direct 


EXPERIMEN 


Metabolism  of  Matter  and  Imm  in  the  Human  Bod 


^niM^t^  SEPT. 


1898- 


900 


DEPOSITORY  I 

""WTO.  ATWATER,  PH.  D.,  AND  F.  G.  BENEDICT,  PH.  D. 


WITH    THE    COOPERATION"    OF 


A.  P.  BRYANT.  M.  S.,  A.  W.  SMITH,  M.  S.,  and  J.  F.  SNELL,  Ph.  D. 


WASHIXGTOX: 

GOYERXMEXT     PRINTING     OFFICE, 

1  9  0  2  . 


OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS 


A.  C.  True,  Ph.  D—  Director. 

E.  W.  Allen,  Ph.  D. — Assistant  Director. 

C.  F.  Laxgworthy,  Ph.  D. — Editor  and  Expert  on  Foods  and  Animal  Production. 

NUTRITION    INVESTIGATIONS,   MIDDLETOWN,   CONN. 

W.  O.  Atwater,  Ph.  D. — Special  Agent  in  Charge. 
C.  D.  Woods,  B.  8. — Special  Agent  at  Orono,  Me. 

F.  G.  Benedict,  Ph.  D. — Physiological  Chemist. 
A.  P.  Bryant,  M.  S. — Editorial  Assistant. 

R.  D.  Milner,  Ph.  B.— Assistant. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Office  of  Experiment  Stations, 
Washington,  D.  C  December  IS,  1901. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  general  report  of  13 
experiments  on  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  human 
bodv.  by  W.  O.  Atwater.  special  agent  in  charge  of  nutrition  investi- 
gations, and  F.  G.  Benedict,  expert  in  these  investigations,  with  the 
cooperation  of  A.  P.  Bryant.  A.  W.  Smith,  and  J.  F.  Snell.  Valuable 
aid  was  also  rendered  by  Messrs.  P.  B.  Hawk.  H.  M.  Burr.  E.  Oster- 
berg.  and  others.  In  addition  to  the  details  of  these  13  experiments 
on  the  general  subject  of  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  a  con- 
siderable number  of  general  deductions  are  drawn  from  the  experi- 
ments as  a  whole. 

These  experiments  form  part  of  a  series  which  is  in  progress  atMid- 
dletown.  Conn.,  in  cooperation  with  the  Storrs  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  and  Wesleyan  University.  They  were  made  with  the 
Atwater-Rosa  respiration  calorimeter.  The  apparatus  and  the  earlier 
experiments  have  been  described  in  previous  bulletins  of  this  Office 
(Nos.  14.  63,  and  69).  Such  experiments  as  those  reported  have  for 
their  ultimate  object  the  study  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  nutrition. 
The  results  obtained  are  of  such  a  nature  as  to  warrant  the  conclusion 
that  the  respiration  calorimeter  is  a  satisfactory  instrument  of  preci- 
sion. The  experiments  here  described,  like  those  previously  reported, 
yield  important  data  regarding  the  transformation  and  the  conserva- 
tion of  energy  in  the  body,  the  demands  of  the  body  for  nutriment, 
the  effects  of  muscular  work  upon  that  demand,  and  the  nutritive  values 
of  different  nutrients  and  different  foods. 

The  report  is  submitted  with  the  recommendation  that  it  be  published 
as  Bulletin  No.  109  of  this  Office. 

Respectfully.  A.  C.  True. 

Director, 

Hon.  James  Wilson. 

v        tary  ofAgricultm 


C  0  X  T  E  X  T  S 


Page. 

Introduction 7 

The  questions  studied 7 

General  plan  of  the  apparatus  and  the  experiments 9 

Test  experiments 0 

Sampling  of  the  air  current  for  analysis 14 

Experiments  with  men 15 

Preparation,  sampling,  and  analysis  of  foods 16 

Determination  of  nitrates  and  nitrites  in  the  water  of  perspiration 18 

Record  of  body  weight,  temperature,  and  pulse  rate .' 19 

Measurement  of  muscular  work 20 

Details  of  the  experiments 21 

Metabolism  experiment  No.  11 21 

Metabolism  experiment  ]Jo.  13 32 

Metabolism  experiment  No.  14 40 

Metabolism  experiment  No.  21 51 

Metabolism  experiment  X  os.  23  and  24 

Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  25 71 

Metabolism  experiment  Xos.  26  and  28 80 

Metabolism  experiment  Xos.  29  and  31 94 

Metabolism  experiment  Nos.  32  and  34 107 

Summary  and  results  of  the  experiments 121 

Scope  of  the  investigations 121 

Summary  and  results  of  individual  experiments 1 25 

Food  materials  supplied  and  consumed,  and  the  difference  in  demand  by 

men  at  rest  and  at  work 128 

Elimination  of  water 131 

Elimination  of  carbon  dioxid 136 

Elimination  of  energy 138 

Income  and  outgo  of  energy 1 44 

5 


METABOLISM  OF  MATTER  AND  ENERGY  IN  THE 

HUMAN  BODY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  present  report  gives  the  details  of  13  experiments  upon  the 
metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  human  body,  made  at  Middle- 
town.  Conn.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, in  cooperation  with  the  Storrs  Experiment  Station  and  Wesleyan 
University.  These  experiments,  which  are  in  continuation  of  those 
reported  in  earlier  bulletins  of  this  series. a  were  carried  on  during  the 
years  Ls,.»s  to  1900,  with  the  same  respiration  calorimeter  b  and  by  the 
same  methods.  In  addition  to  the  experiments  reported  in  the  present 
bulletin.  11  other  experiments,  which  for  convenience  of  reference 
have  been  numbered  consecutively  with  these,  were  made  with  the 
same  apparatus  at  Wesleyan  University,  during  the  same  years,  in 
connection  with  an  independent  investigation,  and  are  reported 
elsewhere.0 

QUESTIONS  STUDIED. 

As  has  already  been  explained,  the  ultimate  purpose  of  experiments 
with  men  in  the  respiration  calorimeter  is  the  study  of  some  of  the 
fundamental  laws  of  nutrition,  and  the  whole  inquiry  is  based  upon 
the  principle  that  the  chemical  and  physical  changes  which  take  place 
within  the  body,  and  to  which  the  general  term  "metabolism"  is  ap- 
plied, occur  in  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the  conservation  of  matter  and 
of  energy. 

No  one  doubts  that  the  law  of  the  conservation  of  matter  governs 
its  metabolism  in  the  living  organism,  and  it  is  generally  believed  that 
the  law  of  the  conservation  of  energy  likewise  applies  to  the  metab- 
olism of  energy.  Quantitative  determinations  of  the  applications  of 
this  law  are.  however,  desirable. 

*U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  44,  63,  and  69. 
bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  44  and  63.     See  also  Conn. 
(Storrs)  Sta.  Rpt.  1897,  p.  212,  and  Physical  Review,  9  (1899),  pp.  130-163,  214-251. 
c  Memoirs  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Vol.  VIII,  Sixth  Memoir,  1902. 

7 


The  main  subjects  proposed  for  study  have  been  the  following: 

(1)  The  application  of  the  law  of  the  conservation  of  energy  in  the 
body.  An  experimental  demonstration  of  the  action  of  this  law  was 
the  first  object  sought.  The  fundamental  principle  once  proven,  the 
apparatus  and  methods  can  be  utilized  for  the  study  of  some  of  the 
fundamental  problems  of  the  science  of  food  and  nutrition. 

(2)  The  quantities  of  nutrients  and  energy  metabolized  by  men  under 
different  conditions  of  rest  and  muscular  and  mental  exercise. 

(3)  The  amounts  of  nutrients  and  energy  required  for  internal  phys- 
iological work,  as  that  of  respiration,  circulation,  and  digestion. 

(1)  The  relation  between  external  muscular  work  and  the  nutrients 
and  energy  metabolized  in  its  performance.  This  general  problem 
includes  the  narrower  one  of  the  power  of  the  body  as  a  machine  to 
convert  the  potential  energy  of  its  food  and  of  its  previously  stored 
material  into  muscular  energy.  Viewed  from  one  standpoint  this 
latter  phase  of  the  subject  is  the  same  as  that  to  which  the  expression 
"the  animal  body  as  a  prime  motor"  is  frequently  applied.  From 
another  standpoint  it  includes  the  comparison  of  the  animal  body  with 
steam  engines  and  other  sources  of  power  in  respect  to  the  economy 
with  which  the  energy  of  fuel  is  utilized,  the  fuel  in  the  case  of  the 
animal  being  its  food,  while  in  the  case  of  the  ordinary  machine  it  is 
coal,  oil.  gas.  or  wood. 

(5)  The  transformations  of  nutrients  and  energy  in  mental  work. 

(6)  The  capacities  of  the  different  classes  of  nutrients  to  supply  the 
body  with  material  and  energy,  the  proportions  in  which  they  may 
replace  one  another  in  building  tissue  or  yielding  energy  as  heat  or  as 
muscular  work,  and  their  power  to  protect  one  another  and  the  mate- 
rials of  the  body  from  consumption. 

(7)  The  nutritive  values  of  food  materials  and  the  fitting  of  food  to 
the  needs  of  the  consumer. 

Of  the  above  problems  all  have  received  considerable  attention 
except  No.  5,  which  has  to  do  with  food  and  mental  work.  This  has 
as  3^et  been  made  the  especial  subject  of  only  one  experiment.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  study  of  this  problem  may  also  be  entered  upon  in  the 
not  too  distant  future.  Besides  the  problems  thus  detailed  a  number 
of  others  have  received  attention.     Among  these  are: 

(8)  The  digestion  and  assimilation  of  food  material-. 

(9)  The  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid.  water,  nitrogen,  and  other 
materials  excreted  by  the  body  as  well  as  the  energy  given  off  as  heat 
and  as  external  muscular  work  under  different  conditions  of  work  and 
rest,  together  with  the  rates  of  elimination  at  different  periods  of  the 
day  and  night.  In  this  connection  the  respiratory  quotient  has  also 
been  considered. 

(10)  The  temperature  of  the  body  and  its  variation  during  different 
periods  of  the  day  and  under  different  conditions  of  work.  rest,  and 
sleep. 


(11)  The  need  of  ventilation  in  so  far  as  the  comfort  of  the  person 
under  experiment  is  affected  by  the  proportions  of  carbon  dioxid, 
and  water  in  the  air  in  the  respiration  chamber. 

(12)  Finally,  a  large  amount  of  time,  thought,  and  labor  has  been 
devoted  to  the  elaboration  and  testing  of  the  apparatus  and  methods 
of  experimenting-.  Five  years  were  thus  used  before  the  first  actual 
experiments  with  men  were  made,  and  more  or  less  attention  is  being 
constantly  given  to  the  same  subject. 

GENERAL  PLAN   OF   THE  APPARATUS  AND  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  description  of  the  apparatus  and  the  methods  of  manipulation 
of  the  experiments  have  been  given  with  sufficient  detail  in  the  former 
publications  already  referred  to.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  in  this  connec- 
tion that  the  essential  features  of  the  apparatus  are  a  chamber  large 
enough  to  permit  a  man  to  stand  up  and  lie  down  at  full  length:  appli- 
ances for  measuring  and  analyzing  a  ventilating  current  of  air;  arrange- 
ments for  passing  food  and  drink  into  the  chamber  and  removing  the 
solid  and  liquid  excreta,  all  of  which  were  carefully  weighed  and 
sampled  for  analysis;  and  devices  for  determining  the  heat  given  off 
from  the  body  of  the  man  in  the  chamber,  and.  in  work  experiments. 
for  determining  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  muscular  work  done. 
Measurements  were  made  of  income  and  outgo  of  both  matter  and 
energy  in  the  man's  body  during  the  period  of  the  experiment.  The 
chemical  analyses  included  determinations  of  the  total  quantities  of 
the  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  mineral  matter  of  food, 
drink,  and  respiratory  and  excretory  products.  In  obtaining  the 
income  and  outgo  of  energy,  the  potential  energy  of  the  food  eaten 
and  of  the  solid  and  liquid  excreta  was  determined  by  means  of  the 
bomb  calorimeter,  and  the  kinetic  energy  given  off  by  the  subject 
was  measured  by  the  respiration  calorimeter  and  accessory  apparatus. 

TEST  EXPERIMENTS. 

Before  the  respiration  calorimeter  can  be  used  in  such  experiment- 
ing, its  accuracy,  both  as  a  respiration  apparatus  and  as  a  calorimeter, 
should  be  demonstrated.  Two  methods  have  been  adopted  for  testing 
its  accuracy;  first,  by  generating  known  amounts  of  heat  electrically, 
and.  second,  by  burning  known  amounts  of  pure  ethyl  alcohol  within  the 
respiration  chamber  and  measuring  the  heat  and  the  chemical  products 
of  combustion.  The  mean  of  rive  electrical  tests  of  the  apparatus, 
made  previous  to  the  experiments  here  reported,  showed  a  variation 
between  the  heat  actually  measured  and  that  generated  so  small  as 
to  be  far  within  the  limits  of  experimental  error.  The  mean  of  nine 
experiments,  in  which  known  amounts  of  ethyl  alcohol  were  burned 
within  the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter  and  the  carbon  dioxid.  water, 


10 

and  heat  given  off  were  determined,  showed  variations  between  the 
observed  and  the  theoretical  amounts  no  greater  than  are  ordinarily 
obtained  by  the  usual  analytical  methods  employed  in  the  laboratory. 
The  detailed  description  of  the  electrical  and  alcohol  test  experiments 
may  be  found  in  earlier  bulletins  of  this  series. a 

Without  going  further  into  the  details  of  the  experiments  it  will 
suffice  to  say  that  they  were  conducted  in  the  same  way  as  the  similar 
test  experiments  previously  reported,  by  burning  within  the  calorim- 
eter a  known  amount  of  ethyl  alcohol  in  a  specially  arranged  lamp 
and  determining  the  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid.  water,  and  heat  given 
off.  The  air  current  which  passed  through  the  chamber  and  the  con- 
ditions of  the  experiment  were  very  similar  to  those  when  a  man  was 
conhned  within  the  apparatus. 

As  stated  above,  the  electrical  tests  were  all  made  previous  to  the 
time  of  the  experiments  here  reported.  Of  the  other  test  experi- 
ments, the  details  of  which  have  already  been  published,  one.  No.  9, 
was  made  in  the  late  spring  of  1898,  at  the  close  of  the  second  of  the 
metabolism  experiments  here  described.  During  the  summer  of  1898 
no  experiments  were  carried  on  with  the  respiration  calorimeter.  The 
first  test  experiment  of  the  fall  commenced  November  3,  1898.  The 
agreements  between  the  determined  and  theoretical  amounts  of  carbon 
dioxid,  water,  and  heat,  while  not  as  close  as  had  sometimes  been 
found,  were  probably  Avithin  the  limits  of  experimental  error,  thus 
indicating  that  the  apparatus  was  in  good  working  condition.  Follow- 
ing this  test  came  metabolism  experiment  No.  13,  reported  in  this  bul- 
letin, which  was  immediately  followed  by  another  test  experiment, 
No.  11. 

About  the  middle  of  December,  189S,  still  another  test  experiment, 
No.  12,  gave  results  which  indicated  that  the  apparatus  was  in  satis- 
factory condition,  although  the  measurement  of  water  was  not  as  close 
as  might  be  desired.  This  test  was  followed  by  metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  14,  the  details  of  which  are  given  further  on.  The  calorim- 
eter was  then  used  for  some  experiments  not  reported  in  this  bulletin. 
At  their  close  test  No.  13  was  made,  which  again  showed  the  apparatus 
to  be  in  satisfactory  condition,  although  the  water  determined  was  in 
excess  of  the  theoretical.  Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23  and  21 
followed  the  completion  of  test  No.  13,  and  one  week  after  their  com- 
pletion test  No.  14  was  made.  In  this  latter  test,  while  the  results 
of  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  given  off  in  the  appa- 
ratus agreed  very  closely  with  the  theoretical,  it  was  found  that  the 
heat  measured  by  the  calorimeter  was  3.2  per  cent  less  than  the  heat 
theoretically  given  off  by  the  combustion  of  the  alcohol.  Test  experi- 
ment No.  15,  made  in  December,  1899,  showed  similar  agreements  of 
carbon  dioxid  and  water,  and  disagreement  of  heat.     It  was  also  found 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  63,  pp.  38-74;  69,  pp.  8-17. 


11     • 

by  thermal a  tests  and  electrical  tests  that  the  measurement  of  heat  by 
the  apparatus  was  not  correct.  An  electrical  test  made  in  the  early 
part  of  December.  1899.  showed  a  loss  of  over  3  per  cent  of  the  heat 
put  into  the  apparatus.  A  thermal  test  made  at  this  time  showed  that 
there  was  trouble  with  the  thermo-electric  elements. b  The  difficulty 
apparently  lay  in  a  slight  short  circuit  of  these  at  some  point,  which 
interfered  with  the  accuracy  of  the  measurements. 

Just  when  the  short  circuiting  occurred  it  is  impossible  to  say.  The 
test  experiment  preceding  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23  and  24 
showed  the  apparatus  to  be  in  a  satisfactory  condition.  Test  experi- 
ments made  shortly  after  the  close  of  these  experiments  showed  a  dis- 
crepancy in  the  heat  measured  as  compared  with  that  theoretically 
given  off.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  whether  the  trouble  occurred 
before,  during,  or  at  the  close  of  this  series  of  metabolism  experi- 
ments or  in  the  short  interval  immediately  following.  The  agreement 
of  the  theoretical  energy  of  the  material  oxidized  in  the  body  and  that 
measured  by  the  calorimeter  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23  and 
24  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  trouble  did  not  occur  until  the  close 
of  the  series.  Had  it  occurred  before  or  during  these  experiments 
the  heat  as  actually  determined  by  the  apparatus  would  doubtless  have 
been  about  3  per  cent  smaller  than  the  amount  which  would  have  been 
measured  had  the  apparatus  been  in  its  usual  condition.  This  would 
make  the  heat  measured  by  the  calorimeter  much  -mailer  in  amount 
than  the  theoretical  heat  given  oft  by  the  oxidation  of  material  in 
the  body  of  the  subject,  the  deficiency  being  larger  than  has  been 
found  in  previous  experiments. 

Since  it  is  impossible  to  determine  just  when  the  trouble  arose,  the 
details  of  experiments  Nos.  23  and  24  are  here  given  with  the  values 
actually  obtained,  and  the  supposition  is  made  that  the  trouble  in 
the  apparatus  occurred  after  the  close  of  the  experiments.  The  data 
are.  however,  given  by  which  any  correction  which  seems  fitting  can 
be  applied.  After  test  experiment  No.  15.  some  repairs  were  made 
in  the  apparatus,  following  which  came  test  experiment  No.  16.  in 
which  ethyl  alcohol  was  burned  in  the  respiration  chamber.  In 
this  test  the  results  obtained  were  very  near  the  theoretical  values 
for  carbon  dioxid  and  heat,  but  nearly  4  per  cent  more  water  was 
found  than  should  have  been  obtained  from  the  quantity  of  ethyl 
alcohol  burned.  It  was  thought  best,  however,  not  to  delay  further 
the  metabolism  experiments  of  1S99-1900.  therefore  no  other  test 
experiments  were  made  until  April.  1900,  at  the  close  of  metabolism 
experiment  No.  34.  At  this  time  test  experiment  No.  17  gave  results 
very  similar  to  those  obtained  in  the  previous  test  experiment,  and 
indicated  that  the  measurements  of  water  in  the  test  experiments  were 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bill.  69,  p.  15. 
bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  p.  17. 


.       12 

over  4  per  cent  too  large.  This  excess  of  water  may  have  been  due 
to  either  or  all  of  several  causes.  There  may  have  been  a  small  leak 
whereby  air  from  the  room  was  drawn  into  the  ventilating  air  current 
at  some  point  beyond  the  "freezer'' a  for  the  incoming  air;  but  care- 
ful examination  failed  to  reveal  any  noticeable  leak  inside  the  chamber, 
though  later  experiments  implied  that  there  may  have  been  a  leak  in 
the  "valve  box,"  through  which  the  air  passed  on  its  way  from  the 
chamber  to  the  meter  pump.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  moisture 
condensed  on  the  outside  of  the  valve  box  may  have  found  its  way 
into  the  air  current.  This  would  increase  the  amount  of  water  found 
by  analysis  of  the  outgoing  air.  but  would  not  materially  affect  the 
determination  of  either  carbon  dioxid  or  heat.  There  may  have  been 
evaporation  of  water  which  had  condensed  on  the  absorbers  and  walls 
of  the  chamber  before  the  test  began;  however,  there  could  not  have 
been  sufficient  water  present  to  account  for  all  of  the  excess. 

Taking  everything  into  consideration  we  do  not  feel  warranted  in 
assuming  any  definite  error  in  the  determination  of  water  in  metab- 
olism experiments  No-.  25-34.  Such  error,  if  it  existed,  would  not 
affect  the  nitrogen  and  carbon  balance  at  all  and  would  hardly  affect 
the  heat  balance  appreciably.  From  the  figures  for  test  experiments 
Nos.  16  and  IT  it  will  be  observed  that  the  excess  of  water  found  over 
the  theoretical  amounted  to  not  far  from  1  gram  per  hour.  If  we 
assume  in  experiments  Xos.  25-31  a  leak  in  the  air  current  sufficient 
to  account  for  about  1  gram  of  water  per  hour  or  21  grams  per  day, 
the  values  given  in  column  e  of  Tables  91,  106,  122.  and  138  would  be 
too  large  by  a  corresponding  amount,  and  the  figures  in  columns  f  and 
g  of  these  same  tables  would  be  11  calories  too  large.  This  amount 
would  make  a  maximum  error  of  0.5  per  cent  in  the  heat  in  the  rest 
experiments  (Nos.  25,  26,  and  28)  and  about  0.3  per  cent  in  the  work 
experiments  (Xos.  29,  31,  32,  and  31). 

The  results  of  test  experiments  Xos.  1-9  have  already  been  pub- 
lished.1' The  results  of  tests  Xos.  10-17  are  summarized  in  Table  1, 
together  with  the  mean  results  of  tests  Xos.  1-9.  The  proportion  of 
absolute  ethyl  alcohol  (by  weight)  in  the  commercial  alcohol  burned  in 
the  lamp  in  the  different  test  experiments  was  as  follows:  Test  Xo. 
10,  91.03  per  cent;  tests  Xos.  11-11.  90.85  per  cent:  and  tests  Xos. 
15-17,  90.57  per  cent. 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63.  p.  30. 

bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  63,  p.  50;  69,  p.  13. 


13 


Table  1. —  v  ch  ethyl  alcohol  was  barm 


Date. 


■vember  3  : 

11  November  13 

12  December  13  to  14,  I 

13  February  24  to  2£ 

14  March  2  

15  December  13  to  14. 1  - 
December  19  to  21,  M 

:       to  7, 1  100 

9tS  10  to  17 
Total  •  :  tests  1 
Total  of  tes- 


ion. 

.Alcohol 
burned 
In  lami 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Durat 

quired. 

Found." 

Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 

w. 

Gram*. 

Gram*. 

Gram*. 

I 

35 

44 

666.7 

1,159.8 

1,163.9 

100.3 

35 

00 

751   - 

. 

_       " 

_ 

2J 

56 

619.4 

1.075.4 

J  ' 

99.3 

. 

00 

>i5.7 

17   - 

99.6 

~  - 

40 

.   "   - 

1.  744. 6 

100.3 

- 

40 

128 

1.424.9 

" 

- 

12 

•    -   " 

71 

-"     2 

99.2 

. 

" 

"       - 

-     ■ 

269 

11 

17 

1,320.7 

317 

_ 

-   _   ■ 

••     _ 

'• 

31 

19, 2 

• 

N 


Date. 


Alcohol 

Duration,    burned 

in  lamp. 


quired. 


Water. 


r     :r.  1. 


Ratio  of 
amount 
found  to 
amount 
required. 


vember  3  to  i  1898 

11  November  15  to  16, 1898 

12  December  13  to  14, 1S9S 



14  March  29  to  31,1899 

15  December  13  to  14. 1899 

16  December  19  to  21. 1899 

17  April  6  to  7. 1900 

Total  of  tests  10  to  17 2 

Total  of  tests  1  to  9 s 317    2 

to  17 


h. 

m. 

Gram*. 

Gram*. 

Per  cent. 

35 

,, 

666.7 

-'- 

"     ' 

100.1 

" 

00 

-"     - 

101.0 

2j 

■ 

619.4 



24 

00 

","    " 

631.9 

643.4 

101.8 

52 

40 

1,001.6 

1. 159.  7 

1   187 

a  i 

2 

40 

""   1 

: 

99.0 

_ 

12 

■    " 

" 

■ 

--• 

" 

; 

_ 

" 

■ 

11 

" 

101. 2 

317 

. 

,     • 

6,063.8 

100.6 

31 

12,264.4 

12,379.1 

100.9 

Heat. 


-Date. 


Novem- 

November  15  to  16. 1898 

December  13  to  14. 1898 

Februar;    _  

March  29  to  31,1899 

December  13  to  14. 1899 

December  19  to  21. 1-99 

April  6  to  7, 1900 

Total  of  tests  10  to  17    

Total  of  tests  1  to  9 » 

N  Total  of  teste  J   


Durat 

ion. 

Alcohol 
burned 
in  lamp. 

lutred. 

Found. 

Ratio  of 
amount 
found  tc 
amount 
required. 

m. 

Gram*. 

Calorie*. 

Calorie*. 

Per  cent. 

34 

,, 

666.7 

i  a 

. 

99.5 

35 

00 

751   - 

100.5 

_- 

" 

619.4 

- 

3,960.1 

99.6 

. 

00 

~ 

' 

" 

52 

40 

1,001.6 

- 

96.7 

" 

40 

825   1 

'  -• 

[5,  145.  3] 

- 

12 

-   " 

-  B   1 

i 

I 

I       - 

• 

100.3 

-■ 

11 

22.  851.  3 

22   -   " 

n 

20 

41,702.8 

a    m.4 

99.9 

- 

31 

64, 554. 1 

64.513.3 

99.9 

* U.  B.  Dept.  Agr..  Office  ol  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69.  pp.  13-14. 
b  Omitting  the  determinations  of  heat  in  Nos.  14  and  15. 


14 

The  table  shows  the  duration  of  the  tests,  the  amount  of  ethyl 
alcohol  burned  in  the  lamp,  and  the  theoretical  amount  of  carbon 
dioxid,  water,  and  heat  which  would  have  been  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  the  alcohol  as  compared  with  the  amounts  actually  found. 
As  previously  noted,  the  agreement  between  theoretical  values  and 
those  actually  obtained  is,  as  a  rule,  very  close. 

SAMPLING  OF  THE  AIR  CURRENT  FOR  ANALYSIS. 

Two  methods  have  been  employed  for  sampling  the  outgoing  current 
of  air  for  analysis.  After  this  current  of  air  has  left  the  cooling  appa- 
ratus where  the  major  portion  of  the  water  has  been  condensed,  small, 
samples  of  about  150  liters  each  during  every  six-hour  period  are  drawn 
by  the  aspirators.  The  details  of  this  method  and  the  formulas  used 
for  calculating  and  correcting  the  results  are  given  in  a  previous 
publication.* 

The  greatest  objections  to  the  use  of  the  aspirators  as  a  method  of 
sampling  the  air  are:  (1)  The  number  of  corrections  for  temperature, 
barometric  pressure,  and  tension  of  aqueous  vapor  which  have  to  be 
made  in  finding  the  actual  volume  of  air  drawn  into  the  aspirators; 
(2)  the  variations  in  the  speed  of  the  motor  driving  the  meter  pump 
and,  consequently,  in  the  volume  of  the  ventilating  air  current,  these 
not  being  accompanied  by  corresponding  variations  in  withdrawal  of 
the  sample,  and  (3)  the  irregularity  with  which  the  sample  is  drawn. 
By  means  of  an  automatic  device  for  regulating  the  speed  at  which 
the  water  runs  out  from  the  aspirators  it  has  been  possible  of  late 
to  make  this  rate  very  uniform.  At  the  same  time  relatively  small 
fluctuations  might  introduce  errors.  Thus,  if  the  aspirators  emptied 
more  slowly  than  the  normal  at  a  period  when  the  man  was  giving  off 
more  than  the  average  amount  of  carbon  dioxid,  as,  for  instance,  when 
he  was  weighing  the  " absorbers"  or  doing  other  special  work,  the 
measured  amount  of  carbon  dioxid.  as  determined  by  the  aspirators, 
would  be  smaller  than  the  amount  actually  eliminated,  and  vice  versa. 

The  meter-pump  method,  briefly  described  in  a  previous  bulletin,6 
affords,  theoretically,  an  almost  perfect  means  of  sampling  the  venti- 
lating air  current.  The  arrangements  for  carrying  out  this  method  are 
as  follows:  The  air  from  each  fiftieth  stroke  of  the  pump  is  collected 
alternately  in  two  tin  receptacles,  from  which  it  is  withdrawn  by  suc- 
tion and  passed  through  tubes  filled  with  pumice  stone  and  sulphuric 
acid,  and  with  soda  lime  for  the  absorption  of  the  water  and  carbon 
dioxid,  respectively.  In  the  earlier  experiments  in  which  the  meter 
pump  was  used  for  moving  the  ventilating  air  current  this  method  of 
sampling  had  not  been  perfected.     In  test  experiments  Nos.  9-12  the 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  pp.  34,  35. 
bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  63,  p.  31. 


15 

carbon  dioxid  as  determined  in  the  sample  drawn  by  the  meter  pump  was 
slightly  nearer  the  theoretical  than  the  corresponding  values  obtained 
by  the  aspirators.  Variations  in  the  amounts  of  water  as  determined 
in  the  samples  drawn  by  the  meter  pump  were  a  little  greater  than 
those  for  carbon  dioxid.  The  comparative  results  obtained  by  the  two 
methods  in  test  experiments  Nos.  9-12  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Table  2. — Comparison  of  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating  air 
current  by  means  of  the  aspirators  and  of  the  meter  pump. 


-. 

Dura- 
tion. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

- 

Theo- 
retical 
amount 

from 
alcohol 
burned 
in  lamp. 

Determined  — 

Theo- 
retical 

amount 

from 
alcohol 
burned 

in  lamp. 

Determined — 

s 

By  meter  pump. 

By  aspirators. 

By  meter  pump. 

By  aspirators. 

h.   m, 

Grams. 

Grains. 

P.  ct. 

Grams. 

P.  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

P.ct. 

Grams. 

P.  Ct. 

9 

35     55 

1, 206.  9 

1,199.2 

99.4 

1,198.9 

99.3 

809.3 

830.6 

102.6 

807.9 

99.8 

10 

35     44 

1, 159.  8 

1.163.9 

100.3 

1,087.0 

93.7 

772. 5 

773.5 

100.1 

739.7 

95.8 

11 

35    00 

1,304.2 

1,293.7 

99.  2 

1.287.9 

98.7 

869. 8 

878.2 

101.0 

877.8 

100.9 

12 

27    56 

1,075.4 

1,067.7 

99.3 

1,083.2 

100.7 

717.  2 

705.7 

1 

98.4 

705.0 

98.3 

There  was  on  the  whole  but  little  difference  between  the  results 
obtained  by  the  two  methods  of  sampling  the  ventilating  air  current, 
except  in  the  determinations  of  water  in  No.  10.  Since  the  meter 
pump  theoretically  should  give  a  more  accurate  sample  than  the 
aspirators,  and  since  the  experimental  evidence  shows  that  the  results 
with  the  pump  were  at  least  as  accurate  and  sometimes  more  so  than 
those  with  the  aspirators,  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid  and 
water  in  the  sample  drawn  by  the  meter  pump  were  employed  in  the 
calculation  of  the  results  of  all  metabolism  experiments  made  subse- 
quent to  metabolism  experiment  No.  11,  although  check  determina- 
tions by  means  of  the  aspirators  were  continued  during  several  experi- 
ments. In  most  of  the  experiments  the  discrepancies  between  the  two 
methods  were  so  insignificant  as  to  be  within  the  limit  of  experimental 
error,  and  show  that  the  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water 
may  be  made  with  a  satisfactory  degree  of  accuracy  by  either  of  the 
methods. 

EXPERIMENTS   WITH  MEN. 

The  general  plan  of  the  experiments  here  reported  in  detail  was 
much  the  same  as  that  followed  in  earlier  experiments,  the  results  of 
which  have  been  published  in  former  bulletins  of  this  series. a 

For  the  most  part  the  experiments  here  reported  were  made  in 
series,  each  series  comprising  three  or  more  experiments  which  fol- 
lowed   one    another    without    intermission    and   without   the    subject 

aTJ.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  44,  63,  and  69. 


16 

leaving  the  calorimeter.  As  a  rule  there  was  a  change  of  diet  in 
respect  to  one  class  of  ingredients;  for  example,  the  replacement  of 
sugar  by  an  isodynamic  amount  of  fat. 

In  all  cases  a  preliminary  period,  usually  of  four  days'  duration, 
preceded  each  experiment  or  series  of  experiments  with  the  subject  in 
the  chamber  of  the  calorimeter.  During  this  preliminary  period  the 
subject  received  the  same  diet  as  was  to  be  served  in  the  experiment 
which  would  immediately  follow.  In  addition,  the  excretory  products 
were  collected  and  analyzed,  thus  making  this  period  both  a  digestion 
and  a  nitrogen  metabolism  experiment.  On  the  evening  of  the  last 
day  of  the  preliminary  period J:he  subject  entered  the  chamber  of  the 
respiration  calorimeter  and  usually  retired  at  about  11  o'clock.  At 
about  1  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  heat  measurements  were  begun  in 
order  to  get  the  calorimeter  into  normal  condition  for  the  commence- 
ment of  the  second  period,  or  the  metabolism  experiment  proper,  at 
7  o'clock  the  following  morning. 

The  programme  followed  during  the  experiment  or  series  of  experi- 
ments was  arranged  beforehand.  A  copy  of  it  was  furnished  to  the 
subject,  and  copies  were  also  posted  in  convenient  places  for  the  guid- 
ance of  those  outside. 

PREPARATION,  SAMPLING,  AND  ANALYSIS  OF  FOODS. 

The  method  of  preparing,  sampling,  and  analyzing  the  food  mate- 
rials was  the  same  as  that  employed  in  experiments  Nos.  9  and  10, 
already  described. a 

With  the  exception  of  milk,  the  proper  quantity  of  each  kind  of 
food,  either  for  each  meal  or  for  the  day,  was  placed  in  glass  jars  pre- 
vious to  the  beginning  of  the  experiment,  and  materials  which  might 
spoil  during  the  course  of  the  experiment,  such  as  meat  and  bread, 
were  thoroughly  sterilized.  Butter  and  sugar,  in  quantity  sufficient  for 
each  day,  were  passed  in  with  the  breakfast,  and  the  subject  used,  as  near 
as  he  could  judge,  the  proportions  called  for  by  the  menu  for  each  meal. 
Sufficient  bread  for  the  day  was  usually  passed  in  at  breakfast  time 
in  two  jars,  and  as  nearly  as  possible  the  scheduled  amounts  used  at 
each  meal.  Two  or  more  duplicate  jars  of  each  food  material,  as  thus 
prepared,  were  analyzed,  the  usual  determinations  being  made  accord- 
ing to  the  methods  already  described.  The  milk  was  obtained  fresh 
each  day;  an  aliquot  portion  was  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  com- 
posite sample  for  analysis,  and  the  proper  amounts  for  each  of  the  three 
meals  were  placed  in  bottles. 

In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  percentage  composition  of  the 
different  food  materials  used  in  the  thirteen  experiments  reported 
herewith.  The  values  are  for, the  fresh,  edible  material  as  served  to 
the  subject. 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69,  pp.  20-29,88-89. 


17 

Table  3. — Composition  of  food  materials  in  metabolism  experiments  Xos.  11,  13,  14,  21, 
23,  24,  25,  26,  28,  29,  31,  32,  and  34. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


Food  materials 


?xPer"  \itro- 
Tom  ^ 


Car- 
bon. 


2851 
2962 
2967 
3022 
3027 
3165 
3176 
3186 
3205 
2853 
2956 
2970 
3021 
3029 
3166 
3177 
3187 
3206 
2855 
2972 
3031 
3169 
3179 
3024 
3189 
3191 
3200 
3202 
2959 

2842 
2960 
2S40 
3004 
3168 
3193 

2963 
2968 

3032 
3164 

3192 
3204 
24S1 
3167 
3181 
3207 
2961 
2969 


Beef,  cooked  . . 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

Butter 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do , 

....do 

....do 

Milk,  skimmed 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

Milk,  whole... 
....do 


....do 
....do 
....do 
Milk. 


whole      and 
skimmed,  mixed  ... 

Maize  breakfast  food. 
do 

Wheat  breakfast  food . 

Cereal,  parched 

...l.do 

do 

Bread 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Ginger  snaps 

do 

do 

do 

Cookies 

Ginger  snaps 

Sugar 


11 

13 

14 

21 

23. 24 

25 

26,28 

29,31 

32.  34 

11 

13 

14 

21 

23, 24 

25 

26,28 

29,31 

32,34 

11 

14 

23,  24 

25 

26, 28 

21 

29 

31 

32 

34 

13 

11 

13,14 

11 

21-24 

25-28 

29-34 

11 

13 

14,21 

23,  24 

25 

26,  28 

29,  31 

32.34 

11 

25 

26-31 

32.31 

13 

14 

(») 


Per  ct. 

4.40 

4.00 

4.44 

4.46 

5.59 

5.36 

5.41 

5.  72 

5.13 

.15 

.19 

.19 

.21 

.17 

.25 

.26 

.20 

.20 

.52 

.61 

.58 

.68 

.67 

.51 

.66 

.65 

.66 


.58 
1.8S 
1.78 
1.75 
1.82 
1.87 
1.92 
L42 
1.38 
1.27 
1.27 
1.46 
1.42 
1.50 
1.38 

.92 
1.03 
1.00 

.88 

.86 
1.04 


Per  et. 

17. 21 
14. 36 

17.  75 
16.57 
23. 57 
19.  62 
19.55 
20. 89 
18.55 

64.  76 
63.56 
62.  55 
66.23 
69.16 
63.37 
65.02 
65. 11 

65.  58 
4.01 
4.35 
4.11 
4.76 
4.63 
7.03 
8.20 
8.25 
7.95 
8.20 

6.93 
44.39 
44.81 
41.20 
41.39 
42.20 
42.  72 

26.  07 
29.  49 

27.  33 
28.05 
28.04 
27.  76 
29.14 

42.  73 
44.15 
44.  32 
43.87 
44.  65 
43.86 
42. 10 


dro- 
gen. 


Per  ct. 

2.44 

2.07 

2.64 

2.54 

3.37 

2.76 

2.70 

2.99 

2.66 

10.09 

10.09 

10. 20 

10.55 

10.52 

10.01 

10.02 

10.44 

10.37 

.  57 

.61 

.59 

.67 

.63 

.94 

1.26 

1.26 

1.19 

1.21 


Water. 


Pcrct. 

66.4 

70.7 

66.0 

66.7 

56.6 

62.8 

62.5 

60.3 

64.5 

12.4 

10.1 

10.6 

8.7 

9.5 

8.8 

9.9 

9.2 

8.4 

90.8 

90.2 

90.7 

89.4 

90.0 

86. 6 

84.5 

84.5 

85.  4 

85.2 


1.04        86. 


6.42 
6.03 
6.17 
5.94 
6.30 
3.  82 
4.33 
4.11 
3.98 
4.03 
3.99 
4.30 
4.30 
6.  45 
6.41 
6.61 
7.20 
6.68 
6.  7:; 
6.48 


4.9 

5.  7 

7.2 

6.1 

5.6 

4.1 

12.  7 

37.2 

41.7 

40.4 

38.6 

39.3 

36.5 

37.8 

4.3 

4.9 

4.1 

3.7 

5.2 

4.6 


Pro- 
tein 
(NX 

6.25) 


11.8 

11.1 

10.9 

11.4 

11.7 

12.0 

8.9 

8.6 

7.9 

7.9 

9.1 

9.  4 
- 

5.8 
6.4 

6.2 
5.  5 
5.  1 
6.5 


3.2 
8.2 

8.3 
1.5 
.6 
1.7 
1.4 
1.5 
5.1 
2.8 
3.4 
2.1 
1.6 
2.0 

6.2 
8.6 
8.3 
7.2 
10.8 
8.3 


D.  < 
73.4 
72.  9 
78.  3 
80.4 
79. 1 
hi.  5 
45.7 
47.9 
46.3 
47.0 
48.9 
48.  9 
50.8 
49.8 

79.8 
81.6 


.8 

1.7 
2.0 
2.1 
1.5 
1.9 
2.  0 
1.2 
1.2 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
2.9 
1.7 
1.6 
2.0 
1.9 
2.9 


.753 
4.437 
4.467 
4.052 
4.  ('56 
4. 136 
4.202 
2.  575 
2.  966 
2.710 

2.803 
2.  930 
2.869 
4.247 
4.  432 
4.434 
4.434 
4.460 
4.  407 
3. 960 


13007— No.  100- 


•  Used  in  all  the  experiments. 

02 2 


The  composition  of  the  feces  in  the  experiments  here  reported  is 
shown  in  the  table  which  follows.  The  composition  of  the  urine  and 
the  respirator}-  products  is  shown  in  connection  with  the  tabular 
details  of  the  individual  experiments: 


Table  4. — Composition  of  feces  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  11,  13,  14,  21, 

26,  28,  29,  31,  32,  and  34- 


24,  25, 


Laboratory  No. 

Experi- 
ment 
No. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein 

(Nx 
6.25). 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
drates. 

Ash. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion per 
gram, 
deter- 
mined. 

2850 

11 
13 
14 
21 
23 
24 
25 
26 
28 
29 
31 
32 
34 

Per  ct. 
1.59 
1.49 
1.57 
1.62 
1.59 
1.45 
1.38 
1.38 
1.70 
1.44 
1.52 
1.21 
1.38 

Per  ct. 
14.30 
15.04 
13.49 
14.03 
14.44 
11.64 
13.73 
11.98 
13.61 
14.13 
15. 19 
12.87 
13.56 

Per  ct. 
1.98 
2.14 
1.85 
1.94 
2.07 
1.65 
2.02 
1.44 
1.83 
2.03 
2.13 
1.86 
1.93 

Per  ct. 
70.6 
69.8 
74.2 
72.6 
69.3 
75.7 
69.0 
72.3 
70.6 
69.9 
67.5 
73.2 
70.3 

Per  ct. 
9.9 
9.3 
9.8 
10.1 
9.9 
9.1 
8.6 
8.7 
10.6 
9.0 
9.5 
7.6 
8.6 

Per  ct. 
6.4 
8.3 
6.7 
6.3 
5.2 
4.9 
3.8 
3.6 
5.5 
5.1 
5.1 
4.5 
5.8 

Per  ct. 

8.8 

7.0 

5.8 

6.3 

8.5 

5.4 

11.1 

8.5 

7.3 

10.3 

11.3 

9.6 

9.1 

Per  ct. 
4.3 
5.6 
3.5 
4.7 
7.1 
4.9 
7.5 
6.9 
6.0 
5.7 
6.6 
5.1 
6.2 

Calories. 
1.554 

2965 

1.689 

2974 

1.500 

3033 

1.571 

3035 

1.610 

3036 

1.282 

3171 

1.571 

3183 

1.340 

3185 

1. 525 

3195 

1.574 

3197 

1.698 

3209 

1.449 

3211 

1.475 

DETERMINATION  OF  NITRATES  AND   NITRITES   IN   THE  WATER 

OF  RESPIRATION. 

Defrena  calls  attention  to  the  presence  of  nitrates,  and  especially 
nitrites,  in  water  of  exhalation,  and  suggests  the  possibility  of  the 
nitrogen  thus  given  off  being  sufficient  in  amount  to  take  into  account 
in  studying  the  metabolism  of  nitrogen. 

It  is  of  great  importance  in  experiments  of  the  nature  of  these,  in 
which  the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  is  determined  with 
great  care,  to  take  account  of  any  nitrogen  which  might  thus  be 
eliminated.  Since  in  the  experiments  here  reported  the  products  of 
respiration  are  passed  through  a  refrigerating  system  and  cooled  to  a 
temperature  of  about  —20°  C,  there  is  excellent  opportunity  for  a 
study  of  this  subject.  Accordingly,  in  several  of  the  experiments, 
and  more  particularly  in  work  experiment  No.  6,  already  reported. b 
the  water  condensed  in  the  4i  freezers"  was  carefully  preserved  and 
tested  qualitatively  for  both  nitrates  and  nitrites.  The  water  con- 
densed from  the  incoming  air  was  tested  in  a  similar  manner.  Similar 
tests  were  also  made  of  the  water  condensed  on  the  surface  of  the 
absorbers  and  collected  thence  as  "drip." 

■Technology  Quarterly,  9  (1896),  p.  238.  See  also  Experiment  Station  Record,  8, 
p.  385. 

bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  63,  pp.  77-85;  69,  pp. 
47-60. 


19 

The  test  for  nitrites  was  made  in  the  usual  way.  A  few  cubic  cen- 
timeters of  a  solution  of  metaphenylene-diamine  in  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  is  placed  in  a  test  tube;  a  few  drops  of  the  water  to  be  tested  are 
allowed  to  fall  into  the  test  tube:  if  nitrites  are  present,  a  yellow  color 
is  produced. 

This  test  is  said  to  show  nitrites  when  present  in  as  dilute  a  solution 
as  1  part  in  3,000.000,  but  in  no  case  was  any  appreciable  evidence  of 
nitrites  obtained  in  the  water  condensed  in  the  freezers.  In  only  one 
case  was  there  sufficient  coloration  to  warrant  the  statement  that  there 
was  even  a  trace  of  nitrites  present.  Singularly  enough,  while  the 
respired  water  condensed  in  the  freezers  gave  no  response  to  the  test 
for  nitrites,  that  condensed  on  the  cooling  apparatus  in  the  respiration 
chamber  gave  a  very  marked  nitrite  reaction. 

The  test  for  nitrates  was  made  by  means  of  a  solution  of  diphenyl- 
amine  in  rather  strong  sulphuric  acid.  Two  or  three  cubic  centi- 
meters of  this  solution  is  placed  in  a  test  tube  and  about  one-half  a 
cubic  centimeter  of  the  water  to  be  tested  is  allowed  to  flow  slowly 
down  the  side  of  the  test  tube  so  that  the  two  liquids  do  not  mix.  If 
a  deep- blue  ring  appears  at  the  contact  zone  of  the  two  liquids,  the 
presence  of  nitrates  is  shown.  The  results  of  the  test  for  nitrates  were 
very  marked,  but  there  appeared  to  be  little  difference  between  the 
amount  in  the  water  of  the  incoming  and  outgoing  ventilating  air 
current.  After  making  a  check  experiment  with  the  alcohol  lamp 
burning  inside  the  chamber  the  amount  of  nitrates  in  the  outgoing 
freezer  water  appeared  to  be  materially  increased.  This  is  not  sur- 
prising, as  the  high  temperature  of  the  alcohol  flame  might  naturally 
be  expected  to  bring  about  a  certain  amount  of  combustion  of  the 
nitrogen  of  the  air. 

The  test  for  nitrates  and  nitrites  in  the  condensed  water  of  respira- 
tion indicated  that  the  actual  amounts  of  these  were  so  minute  as  to 
be  ignored.  It  seems  highly  improbable  that  an}'  measurable  quantity 
of  nitrogen  can  be  excreted  in  this  manner. 

RECORDS  OF  BODY  WEIGHT,  TEMPERATURE,  AND  PULSE  RATE. 

The  subject  weighed  himself  on  a  platform  scale  sensitive  to  10 
grams  with  a  weight  of  75  kilograms  and  capable  of  weighing  100 
kilograms. 

The  observations  of  body  temperature  were  made  by  the  use  of  an 
ordinary  clinical  thermometer.  They  were  sublingual  in  experiments 
previous  to.  and  axillary  in  experiments  subsequent  to.  No.  25.  In 
this  latter  experiment  temperatures  were  measured  in  both  ways.  All 
observations  were,  of  course,  made  by  the  subject  himself.  Under 
such  circumstances  it  is  not  improbable  that  there  may  have  been 
occasional  errors  in  the  thermometer  readings;  at  best,  such  observa- 
tions would  be  less  satisfactory  than  those  which  would  show  the 
actual  internal  temperature  of  the  body.     In  later  experiments,  the 


20 

results  of  which  are  not  yet  ready  for  publication,  the  body  temper- 
ature was  measured  by  a  specially  devised  electrical  thermometer 
inserted  in  the  rectum,  by  which  differences  in  body  temperature  of 
0.02°  could  be  detected. a 

The  observations  of  the  pulse  rate  were  also  made  by  the  subject. 
How  observations  made  by  a  person  upon  himself  compare  in  relia- 
bility with  those  made  by  another  person  we  are  unable  to  sa}^ 

The  reading  and  recording  of  weights  and  measurements  of  food 
and  excretory  products  and  the  other  determinations  outside  the 
chamber  are  controlled  either  by  repeating  the  observations  or  by 
having  the  quantities  observed  and  recorded  by  two  different  persons 
or  otherwise.  The  conditions  for  the  reading  and  recording  of  figures 
for  body  weight,  temperature,  and  pulse  rate  by  the  subject  in  the 
respiration  chamber  do  not  permit  of  so  careful  a  system  of  checks 
for  avoiding  errors  in  the  reading  and  recording  of  the  figures.  For 
this  reason,  and  because  of  the  uncertainties  regarding  the  value  of 
the  observations  of  temperature  and  pulse  rate  just  named,  the  figures 
for  body  weight,  temperature,  and  pulse  rate  are  hardly  as  reliable  as 
those  for  the  other  determinations. 

MEASUREMENT  OF  MUSCULAR  WORK. 

In  the  rest  experiments  the  subjects  moved  about  within  the  appa- 
ratus as  little  as  possible,  thus  avoiding  all  unnecessary  muscular  exer- 
tion. In  the  work  experiments,  however,  they  were  engaged  in  active 
muscular  work  for  eight  hours  each  day.  The  apparatus  used  for 
measuring  the  work  in  experiment  No.  11  consisted  of  a  bicycle  belted 
to  a  small  dynamo,  as  in  experiment  No.  6.b  The  voltage  of  the  elec- 
tric current  generated  was  measured,  and  together  with  calibrations 
of  the  apparatus  gave  sufficient  data  for  computing  roughly  the 
amount  of  work  done  by  the  subject. 

In  the  work  experiments  carried  on  during  the  winter  of  1900 
(experiments  Nos.  29,  31,  32,  and  34)  the  apparatus  was  so  modified 
as  to  give,  it  is  believed,  a  more  accurate  measure  of  the  work  done. 

In  these  experiments  the  rear  wheel  of  the  bicycle  was  applied 
directly  to  a  pulley  fastened  to  the  shaft  of  the  dynamo,  which  was 
mounted  upon  a  rocking  base,  the  necessary  tension  being  secured  by 
means  of  a  coiled  spring  which  kept  the  pulley  of  the  dvnamo  pressed 
against  the  tire  of  the  bicycle.  This  apparatus  was  calibrated  before 
and  after  each  experiment.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  method  of 
calibration  was  greatly  improved  in  the  experiments  made  during  the 
winter  and  spring  of  1901,  further  description  of  the  apparatus  and 
the  methods  of  measuring  the  work  done  is  not  given  in  the  present 
publication. 

"Arch.  Physiol.  [Pfliiger],  88  (1901),  No.  9-10,  p.  492. 

bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bills.  63,  p.  76;  69,  p.  ■*.. 


21 

DETAILS  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

The  details  of  thirteen  experiments  with  three  different  subjects  are 
recorded  in  the  following-  pages.  The  methods  of  calculation  were  in 
general  the  same  as  those  described  in  a  previous  publication.*  In 
many  cases  the  derivation  of  the  values  is  indicated  algebraically  in 
the  column  headings  of  the  tables. 

METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT   NO.    11. 

Subject. — E.  O..  the  laboratory  assistant  who  served  as  the  subject 
in  experiments  Nos.  1  and  2,  in  which  the  necessary  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  income  and  outgo  of  energy  were  not  determined.1'  and  in 
experiments  Nos.  5-10,  in  which  these  values  were  determined.0  He 
was  32  years  of  age.  5  feet  8  inches  in  height,  and  weighed  without 
clothing  about  70  kilograms  (151  pounds). 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Worked  S  hours  a  day  upon  the 
stationary  bicycle  just  described.  During  evenings  he  passed  the  time 
in  reading,  writing,  and  resting. 

Duration. — Four  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.  March  22.  1898.  The 
preliminary  period  of  this  experiment  began  with  breakfast  March  18. 
The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of  March  21.  and 
remained  until  7  a.  m.  March  26,  thus  spending  live  nights  and  four 
days  in  the  respiration  chamber. 

Diet. — The  diet  during  the  experiment  consisted  of  beef,  butter, 
skim  milk,  bread,  ginger  snaps,  cereal  breakfast  foods,  sugar,  and 
coffee,  and  furnished  124  grams  of  protein  and  3.  $62  calories  of  energy 
per  day.  This  experiment  was  intended  to  be  much  the  same  as  exper- 
iment No.  9,d  with  the  exception  that  the  diet  should  furnish  a  con- 
siderably larger  amount  of  energy,  and  a  considerable  amount  of 
muscular  work  should  be  performed  each  day.  The  kinds  and  quanti- 
ties of  food  served  at  each  meal  were  as  follows: 

Table  5. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef 

Grams. 
70 

-to 

1-50 
100 
60 

Grams. 

100 

40 

210 

100 

Grams. 

Grams. 
170 

Butter 

40 
390 
100 

50 

120 

Milk,  skimmed 

Bread 

7-50 
300 

Maize  breakfast  food 

110 

Wheat  breakfast  food 

75 

Ginger  snaps 

75 
3-5 

Sugar 

35 

40 

110 

■U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69,  p.  31.  et  seq. 
bU.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44. 
CU.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Buls.  Xos.  63  and  69. 
*U.  S.  Dept.  Agr..  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69. 


22 

The  amount  of  drink  varied  from  day  to  day.  On  the  first  day  the 
subject  was  given  600  grams  of  coffee  infusion  and  600  grams  of  water, 
making  a  total  of  1,200  grams;  on  the  second  and  third  days  600 
grams  of  coffee  infusion  and  800  grams  of  water,  making  a  total  of 
1,400  grams,  and  on  the  last  day  600  grams  of  coffee  infusion  and 
1,500  grams  of  water,  making  a  total  of  2,100  grams. 

The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  is  indicated  in  the  following 
schedule.  The  statistics  of  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  are  sum- 
marized in  Table  7: 

Table  6. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


7.00  a.  m 

Rise,   pass  urine,   collect    drip. 

1.50  p.  m 

Begin  Avork. 

weigh   absorbers,  weigh    self 

3.50  p.  m 

Stop  work,  rest  10  minutes,  drink 

stripped  and  dressed. 

200  grams  water. 

7.45  a.m 

Breakfast. 

4.00  p.  m 

Begin  work. 

8.20  a.  m 

Begin  work. 

6.00  p.  m 

Stop  work. 

10.20  a.m 

Rest  10  minutes,  drink  200  grams 

6.30  p.  m 

Supper,    change     underclothes. 

water. 

. 

weigh  self  stripped  and  dressed. 

10.30  a.  m 

Begin  work. 

7.00  p.  m 

Pass   urine,   collect  drip,    weigh 

12.30  p.m. 

Stop  work. 

absorbers. 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh 

10.00  p.  m 

Take    cover   off    food    aperture, 

absorbers. 

retire. 

1.15  p.  m 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.m 

Pass  urine. 

Table  7. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


Time. 


1898. 


Mar.  22, 7.00  a.m.. 

12.50  a.m. 

7.00p.m.. 

10.00p.m. 
Mar.  23.  7.00a.m.. 

12.45  p.m. 

7.00p.m.. 

10.00p.m. 
Mar.  24. 7.00  a.m.. 

1.00p.m.. 

7.00p.m.. 

9.20  p.m.. 
Mar.  25.  7.00  a.m.. 

1.00p.m.. 

7.00p.m.. 

9.15  p.m.. 
Mar.  26, 7.00  a.m.. 


Weight  of  subject. 


Without 
clothes. 


With 

clothes. 


minute.       ature' 


Hygrometer 
readings. 


Kilograms.    KUogra nts. 
70  73. 60 


70.27 
69.82 
69.50 
69.48 
68.80 
68.45 
68.26 
67. 95 


73.  29 
73.30 
73.  25 
72.90 
72.60 
72.30 
72.  23 
72.10 


Dry 
bulb. 


97 
100 


Y7.4 

<7.  3 


22 
21.8 


21.4 
21.8 
21.3 


21.9 
21.5 


Wet 
bulb. 


°C. 


17.2 
17.4 


17.6 

17 
19 


18.8 
18.8 


22  19 

22  18 

21.4  '    19 
21.6  19.4 


Amount  of  work  don*:. — As  already  stated,  the  subject  worked  8 
hours  each  day  upon  a  stationary  bicycle  so  arranged  that  the  work 
performed   was    transformed   into    heat   within    the   apparatus  and 


23 

measured  directly  with  that  given  off  by  the  subject.  A  cyclometer 
registered  the  number  of  miles  that  would  have  been  covered  by  the 
same  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  but  the  amount  of  work 
done  could  hardly  have  been  as  large  as  would  be  required  to  propel  a 
bicycle  the  number  of  miles  thus  recorded.  It  will  be  observed  from 
the  figures  in  Table  8  that  there  was  considerable  difference  in  the 
amount  of  work  done  on  the  different  days  of  the  study. 

Table  8. — Record  of  work  done — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


Time. 


(a) 

Cyclom-     Nam-      Actual 
"eter        ber  of    duration 
reading,     miles,    of  work. 


(6) 


Rate. 


(c) 
Heat 
equiva- 
lent, 

axbx 
0.2378 


Mar.  22.  8.20  a.  m 


Total 


1898. 


Seconds.       Watts.       Calories. 


10.20  a.  m 

- 

12.40  p.  m 

3.50  p.  ru 

6.00  p.  m 

Mar.  23,  8.20  a.  m 

10.20  a.  in 

12.30  p.  m 

3.50  p.  m 

6.00  p.  m 

Mar.  24,  8.20  a.  m 

10.20  a.  m 

12.30  p.  m 

3.50  p.  m 

6.00  p.  m 

Mar.  25,  8.20  a.  m   

10.20  a.  m 

12.30  p.  m 

6.00  D.  m 

154 

182 
210 
238 

266 

266 

294 


415 
415 

447 

479 


7.200 
7.200 
7.200 


479 
514 
551 
588 
644 


0) 


28     7,200 

28     7,200  ,1 

43     7,200  J 

7,200  | 

7,200  J 

7.200 
7,200 

7,  200 
7,200 

7.200 
7,200 
7,200 
7,200 


32 


25 


91    I 


22 


26 


25 


89 


85 


103 


140 


1  Cyclometer  not  working. 

Detailed  data  of  Income  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients  in 
the  food  consumed  each  da}'  and  the  quantities  rejected  in  the  feces 
are  shown  in  Tables  9  and  10.  It  will  be  observed  by  comparison  with 
the  results  of  some  of  the  rest  experiments  reported  in  preceding 
bulletins,  that,  while  the  protein  is  practically  the  same  as  in  these 
rest  experiments,  the  energy  in  the  food  has  been  increased  more  than 
800  calories  per  day  in  order  to  supply  the  necessary  energy  for  the 
increased  muscular  activity.     It  was  quite  interesting  to  note  that  with 


24 

increased  diet  and  with  increased  work  the  total  amount  of  unavailable 
material  excreted  in  the  feces  was  considerably  larger  than  in  experi- 
ment No.  9.  There  was  not  enough  difference,  however,  in  the  coeffi- 
cients of  availability  to  show  whether  muscular  work  had  any  marked 
effect  upon  the  digestion  of  the  food  by  the  subject. 

Table  9. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  11. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  materials. 

Weight 
per 
day. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

afei  &  |^|a? 

2851 

Beef 

Grama. 
170 
120 
750 
300 

no 

75 

75 

no 

Grams. 

112.9 

14.9 

681.0 

128. 1 

5.4 

5.4 
3.2 

Grams. 

46.8 

.9 

24.4 

26.  6 

12.9 

8.2 
4.3 

Grams. 

7.3 

101.0 

1.5 

4.5 

9.0 

1.1 

4.7 

Grams.  1  Grams. 

"    7.48 

|        .15 

Grams. ■.  Grams. 
29.26         US 

Calories. 
3°6 

2853 

Butter 

77.71 

12.11 

4.28 
11.46 

7  15 

930 

2S55 
2852 

Skininied  milk  .. 

37.5         3.90       30.08 
137.1  :       4.26       78  91 

286 
773 

2842 

Maize   breakfast 
food 

s0.  7         2.  07 
58  7         1  31 

48.90 

488 

2840 

Wheat  breakfast 

30.90         4.52 
32.09         4.85 
46.31          /.13 

304 

2841 

Ginger  snaps 

Sugar 

60. 6 
110.0 

.69 

319 

436 

Total 

1,710 

950.9 

124. 1 

129. 1 

484.6 

19.86 

373. 46       55. 65             3, 862 

Table  10. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  11. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight 
of  feces. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 

Xitro-       Car- 
gen,        bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

combus 

tion. 

2850 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day . . . 

Grams. 
563 

141 

Grams. 

398.0 

99.5 

Grams. 
56.4 
14.1 

Grams. 

36.0 

9.0 

Grams. 
49.6 
12.4 

Grams. 
8.96 
2.24 

Grams. 
80.51 
20. 13 

Grams. 

11.15 

2.  79 

Calories. 
875 
219 

The  urine  in  this  experiment  w^as  collected  in  6-hour  periods,  and 
the  specific  gravity  and  nitrogen  content  determined.  The  heat  of 
combustion  was  determined  in  a  composite  sample  of  the  urine  for 
each  day,  and  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  a  composite  sample  for  the 
four  days  of  the  experiment.  The  methods  employed  for  determining 
the  heat  of  combustion  and  for  computing  the  carbon  and  hydrogen 
in  the  urine  of  each  day  have  already  been  described/  The  statistics 
of  the  outgo  of  matter  in  the  urine  in  this  experiment  are  given  in 
Table  11. 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69,  pp.  23  and  35. 


25 

Table  11. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  six-hour  periods — Metab- 
olism experiment  No.  11. 


Date. 


Period. 


*— MESS! 


Nitrogen. 


Mar.  22-23 


23-24 


24-25 


25-26 


y 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  , 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.  rn.  to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 


Gram?. 
326.  0 
3-50.6 
292.  3 
146.8 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni . 
1  p.  in.  to  7  p.  m. 
7p.m.  tola,  m, 
1  a.  in.  to  7a.m. 


Total 


206. 5 
311.  3 
211.0 
150.1 


878.9 


Total  by  composite 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 


218.3 

315.  4 
251.0 
133.6 


Total 

Total  by  composite 

7am.tolp.rn 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

Total,  4  days,  by  periods 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 


236.0 
304.8 

273.  4 
120. 0 


157.  5 
216.  4 


Per  cent.     Grams. 


1.0-27 
1.027 
1.033 
1.031 


1. 028 
1.031 
1.036 
1.032 


1.030 
1.030 
1.035 
1.034 


1.031 
1. 032 

1. 035 
1.037 


1.032 
1.032 


1.25 
1.34 
1.87 
2.10 


1.76 
1.61 

2.  26 
2.30 


1.89 
1.62 


1.65 
1.80 
2.31 
2.32 


2.  05 
1.90 


4.70 

5. 46 


1 .  115.  7    

17.32 

1.115.7    

1.53 

17.07 

3.  63 

5.01 
4.77 
3.45 


- 
16.37 


4.13 
5.11 
5.  72 
3.  Id 


918. 3    

IS.  11 

91S.3    

2.00 

18.37 

4.60 
5.4^ 


! 

934. 2    

934.2    

2.  05 

19.15 

3.  S47. 1     



71.47 

3.  24 
4.10 


Table  12. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiment  No.  11. 


Date. 

Amount        rarbon 
of  urine.       maroon. 

Water. 

Heat  of  combus- 
tion. 

gram.        TotaL 

1898. 
Mar.  22-23 

Grams.  ■  P.  ct.  j  Grams. 

1.115.7  ' 12.30 

B78.9    11.98 

918.3  • !    12.87 

934.2    13.63 

P.et. 

Grams. 
3.54 
3.45 
3.71 
3  <*> 

P.  ct.      Grams. 

1,0.50.1 

815. 0 

849.7 

Rfil.i 

Calorie.     Calories. 
0. 126                141 

23-24 

24-25 

25-26  

.  162                142 
.129                U8 
.  141                132 

Total,  4  days 

3.S47.1      1-.32       50.78  =  0.38       14.62   92.%       3.576.3 

;             1          !                       i 

(.139)              »533 

»The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine  was  determined  in  the  composite  sample  for  each  day  and 
in  the  total  composite  for  four  days.  The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine  for  the  experiment  as 
determined  in  this  latter  sample  amounted  to  0.139  calorie  per  gram,  or  a  total  of  535  calories  for  the 
urine  of  the  whole  experiment. 


26 

Tables  13-15  give  the  results  of  the  determinations  of  carbon  dioxid 
and  water  in  the  ventilating  air  current.  The  method  of  calculation 
of  these  tables  has  been  described  in  some  detail  in  connection  with 
the  description  of  results  of  experiment  No.  5,  reported  in  an  earlier 
publication. a  The  formulas  in  the  column  headings  in  some  of  the 
tables  indicate  the  method  by  which  many  of  the  calculations  are 
made.  The  drip  was  collected  but  once  a  day  and  the  amount  has 
been  equally  apportioned  among  the  four  periods  of  the  day.  While 
this  is  undoubtedly  erroneous,  it  has,  in  view  of  the  lack  of  any  data, 
seemed  the  most  satisfactory  plan.  Should  some  other  method  of 
subdivision  seem  desirable,  all  data  are  given  by  means  of  which  com- 
putations can  be  readil}T  made.  The  error  involved,  however,  does  not 
affect  the  final  results  of  the  experiments,  as  the  total  quantities  per 
day  are  used  in  the  computations. 

Table  13. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  No.  11. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount 

in 
chamber. 

Gain(  +  ) 

or 
loss  (  — ) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

Gain(+) 

or 
loss  (  — ) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Change 

in 
weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers, 
gain(  +  ) 

or 
loss  (  — ). 

Drip 
from  ab- 
sorbers. 

Total 
amount 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-) 
during 

the 
period. 

1898. 
Mar.    22-23 

Grams. 
29.7 
82.3 
64.4 
30.5 
28.7 

Grams. 

Grams. 
45.0 
54.9 
57.1 
52.3 
47.8 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+52.6 
-17.9 
-33.9 

-  1.8 

+  9.9 
+  2.2 

-  4.8 

-  4.5 

+194 

-  22 

-  27 

-  28 

114.5 
114.6 
114.6 
114.6 

318.4 

7  p.  m 

94.8 

la.m 

82.8 

82.1 

Total 

-  1.0 

+  2.8 

+117 

458.3 

578.1 

1  p.m 

23-24 

91.3 

72.8 
26.6 
26.8 

+62.6 
-18.5 
-46.2 
+     .2 

56.6 
56.8 
53.3 
53.2 

+  8.8 
+     .2 

-  3.5 

-  .1 

+235 
+     7 

-  2 

-  1 

152.0 
152.0 
152.0 
152.0 

395.8 

v 

159.2 

1  a.m 

146. 5 

7  a.m 

150.9 

Total 

-  1.9 

+  5.4 

+239 

608.0 

852.4 

1  p.m 

24-25 

90.9 
76.7 
25.2 
26.3 

+64.1 
-14.2 
-51.5 
+  1.1 

61.0 
63.5 
57.3 
55.6 

+  7.8 
+  2.5 

-  6.2 

-  1.7 

+  57 
+248 
-294 
-295 

280.1 
280.0 
280.0 
280.0 

344.9 

7  p.m 

530.5 

1  a.m 

-  20.2 

7  a.m 

-  16.7 

Total 

-     .5 



+  2.4 

-284 

1,120.1 

838.  5 

1  p.m 

25-26 

98.8 
82.0 
32.3 
35.0 

+72.5 
-16.8 
-49.7 
+  2.7 

62.9 
66.7 
56.7 
56.8 

+  7.3 
+  3.8 
-10.0 
+     .1 

+177 
+155 
-223 
-222 

341.7 
341.7 
341.6 
341.6 

526.0 

7  p.m 

500.5 

1  a.m 

108.6 

7  a.m 

119.7 

Total 

+  8.7 

+  1.2 

-113 

1, 366. 6 

1,254.8 

Total,  4  days. 

+11.8 

-  41 

3, 553. 0 

3, 523. 8 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui. 


27 


Table  14. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


Carbon  dioxid. 

Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Ventila- 
tion 
(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

(6) 

In  in- 
coming 
air  (per 

liter). 

(c) 

In  out- 
going 
air  (per 
liter). 

(d) 

Excess 
in  out- 
going 
air  (per 
liter), 
c-b 

(e) 

Total 
excess 
in  out- 
going 
air, 
dxa. 

(/) 
Cor- 
rection 

for 
carbon 
diox- 
id in 
appa- 
ratus. 

Cor- 
rected 
weight 
carbon 
dioxid 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 
e+f. 

(*) 

Total 
weight 
of  car- 
bon ex- 
haled in 
carbon 
dioxid, 

1898. 
Mar.     22-23 

7  a.m.  tolp.m. 
lp.m.to7p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  la.m. 
la.m.to7a.m. 

Liters. 
27,737 
28,013 

28, 740 
28,954 

Mg. 

0.615 
.601 
.553 
.611 

Mgs. 

14.229 

15. 161 

9.955 

5.474 

Mgs. 

13. 614 

14.560 

9.402 

4.863 

Grams. 
377.3 
407.9 
270.2 
140.9 

Grams. 
+52.6 
-17.9 
-33.9 
-  1.8 

Grams. 
429.9 
390.0 
236.3 
139.1 

Grams. 

117.3 

106.3 

64.4 

37.9 

Total 

113, 444 

1,196.3  :  -  1.0 

1,195.3 

325.9 

23-24 

7  a.m.  tolp.m. 
1p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7p.m.  tol  a.m. 
la.  m.  to  7  a.m. 

27, 332 
27, 437 
28,213 
28,899 

.582 
.742 
.551 
.611 

15. 586 

20. 249 

10.045 

5.817 

15. 004 

19.507 

9.494 

5.206 

410.1 
535.2 
267.9 
150.5 

+62.6 
-18.5 
—46.2 
+     .2 

472.7 
516.7 
221.7 
150.7 

128.9 

140.9 

60.5 

41.1 

Total 

111,881 

1, 363. 7 

-  1.9 

l.Sfil.R 

371.4 

' 

24-25 

7a.m. tolp.m. 
1p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7p.m. tol  a.m. 
la.m.  to  7  a.m. 

28, 257 
27.  779 
28,359 
28, 814 

.586 
.561 
.563 
.599 

17. 465 

19.690 

9.542 

5.312 

16.879         476.8      +64.1 

19.129         531.4      -14.2 

8.979         254.6  '  -51.5 

4.713         135.8      +  1.1 

540.9 
517.2 
203.1 
136.9 

147.5 

141.1 

55.4 

37.3 

Total 

113,  209 

1,398.6  1  ■-     .5 

1,398.1 

381.3 

25-26 

7  a.m.  tolp.m. 
lp.m.to7p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  la.m. 
la.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

Total,  4  days 

28, 094 
27,648 
28,545 
28,254 

.594 
.586 
.508 
.641 

17.  259 

22.508 

10.060 

6.103 

16.665         468.2      +72.5 

21.922         606.1      -16.8 

9.  552         272.  7      -49.  7 

5.462         154.3      +2.7 

540.7 
589.3 
223.0 
157.0 

147.5 
160.7 

60.8 
42.8 

112, 541 

1.501.3      +8.7 

1.510.0 

411.8 

451,075 

5,459.9      4-  5.3  !  5.465.2 

1, 490. 4 

28 


Table  15. — Record  of  water — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  11, 


Water. 

Date. 

(«) 

tj™-^            Ventila- 
Penod.              tfon 

(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

(b)           (c)           (d) 
Excess 
In  in-    In  out-  in  out- 
coming   going     going 
air  (per air  (per air  (per 
liter),     liter),     liter), 
c-b. 

(e)           if) 
Total       Con- 
excess  in  densed 
outgo-        in 
ing  air,     ireez- 
dxa.         ers. 

„{9) 
Correc- 
tion for 
water  re- 
maining 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(*) 

Total 

water 

exhaled, 

e+f+g. 

1898.                                       Liters, 

Mg. 

Mgs. 

Mg. 

Grams.    Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram". 

Mar.    22-23     7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 

27. 737 

0.888 

1.459 

0.571 

15.  8       '255. 1 

318.4 

1p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

28,013 

.795 

1.315 

.520 

15.  0       304.  4 

94.8 

414.2 

7 p.m.  to  1a.m.       28,740 

.689 

1.380 

.691 

19.9       298.1 

82.8 

400.8 

1a.m.  to7a.m. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 

28. 954 

.681 

1.072 

.391 

11.  3       260.  7 

82.1 

3.54.1 

113,444 

62.0    1,118.3 

578. 1 

1, 758. 4 

23-24 

27, 332 

.^44 

1.571 

.  727 

19.  9       26a  6 

395.  8 

684.  a 

1p.m.  to  7  p.m.;      27,437 

.826 

1.345 

.519 

14.  2       350. 4 

159.2 

523. 8 

7 p.m.  to  1a.m.       28,213 

.648 

1.270 

.622 

17.  6       341.  6 

146.5 

505.7 

1a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 

28, 899 

.619 

1.092 

.473 

13.7  '     298.8 

150.9 

463.4 

111,  881 

65.4    1,259.4 

852.4 

2. 177.  2 

24-25 

28,257 

.824 

1.640 

.816 

23. 1       318.  4 

344.9 

686.  4 

1p.m.  to  7  p.m.        27.779 

.788 

1.409 

.621 

17.  2       357.  8 

530.5 

905.5 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.       28,359 

.713 

1.429 

.716 

20.  3       340. 8 

-  20.2 

340.9 

1a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  tolp.  m. 

28, 814 

.670 

1.139 

.469 

13.  5       301. 5 

-  16.7 

298.3 

113, 209 

74.1    1,318.5 

838.5 

2,231.1 

" 

25-26 

28, 094 

.875 

1.862 

.987 

27.  7       297.  6 

526. 0 

851.3 

1p.m.  to 7 p.m.       27,648 

.782 

1.4G3 

.  681 

18.  8       367.  3 

500.5 

886.6 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.       28,545 

.628 

1.374 

.740 

21.3       842.8 

108.6 

472.  7 

1a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
Total 

Total,  4  days 

28, 2.54 

.607 

1.078 

.471 

13.3       293.6 

119.7 

426.  6 

112, 541 

81.1    1,301.3 

1.254.8 

2,  637.  2 

451. 075 

282.6   4,997.5 

3.  523.  8 

8.  803.  9 



29 

Table  16  gives  the  summary  of  the  calorimetrie  measurements  during 
this  experiment: 

Table  16. — Summary  of  calorimetrie  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  11. 


Date. 


Period. 


(a) 


(6) 


(c) 


id) 


Heat        »    °3£5 

ssss?  p-r  sssl 


189S. 

Mar.  22-23     7 a.m. to 

,  1p.m.  to 

;  7  p.m.  to 

la.m.  to 


23-24 


24-25 


25-26 


Total. 

7  a.m.  to 
lp.m.  to 
7  p.m.  to 
1  a.m.  to 


1  p.m. 
7  p.m. 
1  a.m. 
7  a.m. 


1  p.m. 
7  p.m. 
1  a.m. 
7  a.m. 


Total. 


7  a.m.  to 
lp.m.  to 
7  p.m.  to 
la.m.  to 

Total. 

7  a.m.  to 
1  p.m.  to 
7  p.m.  to 
la.m.  to 


1  p.m. 
7  p.m. 
1  a.m. 
7  a.m. 


1  p.m. 
7  p.m. 
1  a.m. 
7  a.m. 


nmeter. 


Correc- 
tion due 

to  tem- 
perature 

of  food 
and 

dishes. 


(e) 

Water 

vaporized 

equals 

total 

amount 

exhaled 

less 

amount 

condensed 

in 
chamber. 


Calories.     Degree.      Calories.     Calories. 


1.018.9 
965.6 
534.6 
275.4    . 


4-0.15 

-  .25 

-  .15 


+  9.0 
+15.0 

-9.0 


-22.5 

14.1 


Gram.?. 
280. 8 
321. 6 
313.  2 
267.  5 


2.  794.  5 


-15.0 


-36.6 


1,183.1 


1,032.5 

-   .20 

-12.0 

1,364.2 

-  .40 

-24.0 

482. 5 

-  .20 

-12.0 

272. 

-  .10 

-  6.0 

13.5 

■  8.0 


297.  3 
364.8 
£55.7 
312.  4 


(/) 


(9) 


Heat 

Total 

used  in 

heat 

vaporiza- 

deter- 

tion of 

mined. 

water. 

a+c+d 

exO.592. 

+/• 

Calories. 
166. 2 
190.5 
185.4 
158.4 


Calories. 

1.171.6 

1.157.0 

711.0 

433.8 


roo.5 


3.  473.  4 


176.0 
215. 9 
210.6 
184.9 


1.207.0 

1,548.1 

705. 1 

451.1 


3.151.4 


-6.0 


1.  33C.  2 


787.4 


3.911.3 


1,247.6 

1,305.5 

428.  9 

253.  5 


+  3.0 

-6.0 
-9.0 

-  3.0 


14.4 
2.6 


349.3 
377.  5 
354.  9 
313.3 


206.8 
223.  5 
210. 1 
185.  5 


1.443.0 

1.520.4 

648.0 

442.  0 


Total... 

Total.  4  days  .    12. 656. 6 


4-  9.0  ; 

-17.0 

1.395.0 

825.  9 

4,053  4 

1.229.0 

-  .15 

-  9.0 

-11.9 

332.6 

196.9 

1.405.0 

1.436.5 

-  .10 

-  6.0 

-17.7 

389.9 

230.8 

1,691.0 

510. 4 

-  .10  1 

-6.0    . 

354.1 

209.6 

714.0 

299.3 

-  .05  | 

-  3.0    . 

306.0 

181.1 

477.4 

3.475.2    ... 

-12.0 

-  5.8 

1.3*2.6 

818.4 

4.2-7.4 

6.0 


5. 290.  9       3. 132 


15.  725.  5 


Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — The  original 
data  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy  in  this  experiment 
may  be  found  in  the  preceding  tables.  Tables  17-20,  which  follow, 
summarize  the  results  of  the  experiment,  showing  the  estimated  gain 
or  loss  of  body  material,  and  comparing  the  estimated  energy  of  the 
material  oxidized  in  the  body  with  the'  heat  actually  determined  by 
means  of  the  respiration  calorimeter.  In  Table  17  the  figures  in  the 
third  column,  nitrogen  in  urine,  include  the  nitrogen  of  perspiration, 
which  amounted  to  0.2  gram  per  day:  and  the  figures  for  water  in  res- 
piratory products  in  the  fifth  column  of  Table  18  include  the  water  of 
perspiration  which  was  absorbed  and  removed  by  the  underclothing 
of  the  subject,  which  was  changed  each  night. a 


U.S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69.  pp.  24  and  52. 


30 


Table  17. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Time. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(&) 

In 
feces. 

(e) 

In 
urine. a 

id) 

Gain 

,(+),°^ 

loss(-) 

a— 

(b+c). 

In  food. 

if) 

In 
feces. 

iff) 

In 
urine. 

(A) 

In  re- 
spira- 
tory 
prod- 
ucts. 

o(9 

Gain 

(+)or 
loss  (— ), 

1898. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 

19.8 

2.2 

17.5 

+0.1 

373.4 

20.1 

12.3 

325.9 

+  15.1 

23-24, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m. 

19.9 

2.3 

17.1 

+  .5 

373.  5 

20.2 

12.0 

371.4 

-  30.1 

24-25,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

19.8 

2.2 

18.3 

_  .7 

373.4 

20.1 

12.9 

381.3 

-  40.9 

25-26,  7a.m.  to 7 a.m. 

19.9 

2.3 

19.4 

-1.8 

373.  5 

20.2 

13.6 

411.8 

-  72.1 

Total,  4  days 

79.4 

9.0 

72.3 

-1.9 

1.  493.  8 

80.6 

50.8 

1.490.4 

-128.0 

Average,!  day 

19.8 

2.2 

18.1 

—  .5 

373.  5 

20.2 

12.7 

372.  6 

-  32.0 

a Including  nitrogen  in  perspiration,  which  amounted  to  0.2  gram  per  day. 
Table  18. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  11. 


Time. 

Water. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(b) 
In  drink. 

(c) 
In  feces. 

id) 

In  urine. 

(e) 
In  respir- 
atory 
prod'- 

UCtS.a 

CO 

Appar- 
ent loss, 
a+b-{c 

~d+e). 

1898. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram*. 

Mar.  22-23,  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

950.9 

1,200 

99.5 

1.0-50.1 

1.762.2 

-     760.9 

23-24.  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

950.9 

1,400 

99.5 

815. 0 

2, 190. 4 

-     754. 0 

24-25,  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

950.9 

1,400 

99.5 

849.7 

2/2.56.1 

-     8-54.4 

2.5-26.  7 

a.  m.  to  7  a 
4  days 

m 

950.9 

2,100 

99.5 

861.  5 

2,699.2 

-     609.3 

Total 

3.  803.  6 

6,100 

398.0 

3. 576.  3 

8.  907.  9 

-2, 978.  6 

Average 

.  lday... 

950.9 

1.525 

99.5 

894.1 

2.  227.  0 

-     744. 7 

Time. 

Hydrogen. 

(9) 
In  food. 

(A) 

In  feces. 

(*) 

In  urine. 

(I)    ' 
Appar- 
ent gain. 

(m) 

Loss 
from 
water, 
/-9. 

{n) 

Total 

gain  (+) 

or  loss 

-■./-///. 

1898. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  22-23,  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

55.  6 

2.8 

3.5 

49.3 

84.6 

-  35.3 

23-24,  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

55.  7 

2.8 

3.5 

49.4 

S3.  8 

-  34.4 

24-25.  7 

a. 

m.  to  7  a 

m 

55.  6 

2.8 

3.7 

49.1 

94.9 

-  45.  s 

2.5-26.  7 

a. 
4 

m.  to  7  a 
davs 

rn 

55.  7 

2.  8 

3.9 

49.0 

67.7 

-  18.7 

Total 

222.  G 
55.  7 

11.2 

2.8 

14.6 
3.7 

196.8 
49.2 

331.  0 
^2.7 

—134. 2 

Avers 

.  1  dav  . . 

-  33.5 

a  Includes  water  from  perspiration  in  clothes 
62  fourth  day.  a  total  of  104  grams. 


-3.8  grams  first  day.  13.2  second  day.  25  third  day.  and 


31 


Table  19.— Gain  or 


of  protein  (XX6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 
No.  11. 


Time. 


Nitrogen 

gained 

-    or 

lost  (-). 


(6) 

Protein 
gained 
(+)or 
-  si 
ax  6.25. 


(c) 

Total 
carbon 
gained 

(+)or 

- 


Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 

—  or 

6x0.53. 


Carbon 
in  fat, 
etc.. 
gained 
(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 
c—d. 


(/) 

Fat 

gained 

(+)or 

lost  (-). 

6*0.765. 


L898, 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

23-24.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

24-25, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

25-26,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

Total,  4  days 

Average.  1  day 


Grams. 
+0.1 


-1.8 


Grams.  Grams. 

+  0.6  +15.1 

+  3.1  .  -  30.1 

-  4.4  ;  -  40.9 


-11.2 


Grams. 
+0.3 
-1.6 
-2.3 
-5.9 


Grams. 
-  14.8 


31.7 


Grams. 

-  19.3 

-  41.4 

-  50.5 

-  86.5 


■1.9 
.5 


-11.9 
•  3.0 


128.0 
32.0 


-b.  3 
-1.6 


121.7 
30.4 


-159. 1 
-  39.7 


Time. 


(9) 

Total 
hydrogen 


h 


(i) 


Esfi+ASEtF 


or  lost  (— ) 


Hydrogen    Hydrogen 
in  protein        in  fat 
gained  (+)  gained  ( +  i 


6x0.07, 


or  lost  ( 
/xO.12. 


Hydrogen 
in  water.         Water 

etc..        gained  i  -  i 
gained  (+  i  or  lost    - 
or  lost  i  — i.         A-\9. 
g-{h-\ 


1898.  Grams.          Grams.  Grams.  Grams.  Grams. 

Mar. 22-23. 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m -35.3                  0.0  +2.3  -37.6  -     338.4 

23-24. 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m -34.4  -.2  -5.0  -29.6  -    266.4 

24-25. 7  a.m. to  7  a.m —45.8  —.3  —6.1  -39.4  -     354.6 

25-26.7  a.m. to  7  a.m —  IS.  7  —.8  —10.4  -7.5  —      67.5 

Total.  4  days -134.2  -  .9  -19.2  -114.1  -1,026.9 

Average.  1  day —  33. 5  —  .  2  —  4.  S  —  28.  5  —    256.  7 


Table  20. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  11, 


Time. 


(a) 


Heat  of 
|   com- 
bustion 
I  of  food 


(6) 


Heat 


M 


Heat 


id) 

Esti- 
mated 
beat  of 


com-™  ^"bustion 


Esti- 
mated 
beat  of 

com- 


bustion 
of  feces. 


bustion 

of 
urine. 


ot  pro- 
tein 


Esti- 
mated 
energy 
of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the 


bustion 
of  fat 

gained  ^fr    tad£  I 

i     e). 


iff) 


Heat 
deter- 
mined 


<n 


Heat      Heat 
deter-    deter- 
j  mined    mined 
greater  greater 
(+)  or 
less  - 
than       than 
esti-        esti- 
mated, mated. 

g-f.  h-r-f. 


Calo- 
ries. 

Calo- 

Calo- 
ries. 

.  22-23. 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

3. 862 

219 

141 

23-24. 

7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

3.862 

219 

142 

24-25, 

7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

219 

118 

2-5-26. 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

3.  862 

219 

132 

Total,  4  days 1' 

Average.  1  day -  _ 


B7 
219 


Calo- 

-3    - 
+18    - 


Calo- 

181 


475 

813 


Calo- 

Calo- 

rics. 

rics. 

Per  cL 

3.318 

3.473 

+155 

-4.7 

872 

3.911 

+  39 

+1.0 

4, 025 

4.0-54 

-  29 

_  -.7 

288 

-100 

—2.  3 

533 

133         -17 


1,496 

-     374 


15.  603 
3.901 


15. 726 
3.  932 


-123 
-  31 


32 

METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.    13. 

Subject. — E.  O.,  as  in  experiment  No.  11.  His  weight  without 
clothing  was  70  kilograms  (154  pounds). 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Reading,  writing,  etc.,  with  little 
muscular  activity.  The  experiment  was  a  so-called  rest  experiment, 
although  the  subject  moved  around  rather  more  than  in  earlier  and 
later  experiments  of  a  similar  kind. 

Duration. — Three  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.  November  8,  1898. 
The  preliminary-  period  of  the  experiment  began  with  breakfast. 
November  4.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of 
November  7.  It  was  intended  to  continue  this  experiment  four  days, 
but  the  discovery  of  a  leak  in  the  ventilating  air  pipe  beyond  the  point 
where  the  samples  for  analysis  were  taken  necessitated  discarding  the 
results  for  the  fourth  day. 

Diet. — The  diet  during  the  experiment  was  quite  similar  to  that  in 
experiment  No.  11,  except  that  it  furnished  117  instead  of  124  grams 
of  protein  and  2,596  instead  of  3,862  calories  of  energ}T  per  day.  The 
kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  at  each  meal  and  the  quantities  of 
drink  consumed  each  day  were  as  follows: 

Table  21. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  13. 
FOOD. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef 

Grams. 

100 

10 

210 

Grams. 
135 

1-5 

Grams. 

Grams. 

23.5 

Butter 

20 
390 

45 

600 

L50 
100 

150 

•50 
•50 

125 

275 

50 

25 
10 

2-5 

20 

10 

40 

DRINK. 


Time. 

Coffee 
infusion. 

Water. 

Time. 

Coffee       w.,T(.r 
infusion.      Water- 

Breakfast 

Grams. 

300 

Grams, 

Grams. 

300 

Grams. 

10.30  a.  m 

200 

10. 00  p.  m 

200 

300 

Total  for  dav 

Dinner 

900 

200 

3.30  p.  m 

The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  is  indicated  in  the  following 
schedule.  The  statistics  of  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  are  sum- 
marized in  Table  23. 


33 


Table  22. — Daily  programm — Metabolism  experiment  No.  IS. 


7.00  a.  id 

Rise,    pass    urine,    weigh    self 

330  p.  m.. 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

stripped,   collect  drip,   weigh 

6.30 p.  m.. 

—    supper. 

absorbers. 

7.00  p.m. 

Pass    urine,   collect    drip,    weigh 



Breakfast 

absorbers. 

10.30  a.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

10.00  p.  m. 

—    Drink    200   grams    water,    weigh 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh 

sell  -tripped,  take  cap  off  food 

absorbers. 

aperture,  retire. 

1.30  p.  m 

Dinner. 

1.00a.  m.. 

. . .    Pass  urine. 

Table  23. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  IS. 


Weight  of  subject. 

Pulse 
rate  per 
minute. 

Hygrometer 

Time. 

Without          With 
clothes.         clothes. 

ature.     

Dry  bulb.  Wet  bulb. 

U9& 

Nov.   8,  7.00  a.  m  

10.30  a.m 

Kttogra  ms.    Ktiogra  ms. 

69. 36               72.  50 

57 

65 

:F. 
96.0            20.4              15.0 
96.6             20.8                15.5 

2.00  p.  m 

5.30  p.  m 

7.00  p.  m 

66 
60 

99.2 
98.6 

20.0             15.6 
20.4              16.0 
20. 6               15.  8 

9.00  p.  m 

60             97. 0 

10.00  p.  m 

Nov.   9.  7.00  a.m 

69.  50 
68.59 





56            95.6  j          20.0              15.2 

10.30  a.m 

63              ^7.6              19.8                15.4 

2.00  p.  m 

65 
68 
64 

97. 4             20. 7               15. 4 

5.30  p.  m 

9.00  p.  m 



97. 0             20. 8               15. 6 
97. 5             20. 0               15. 4 

10.00  p.  m 

69.71 
68.91 

Nov.  lo.  7.00  a.  m 

58 

65 
68 

61 
62 

96.0             19.5  i            14.6 

10.30  a.  m 

96.  6             20. 1 

15.0 

2.00  p.  m 

9S.0 
97.9 

97.8 

20.6 
20.2 

15.4 

5.30  p.  m 

15.3 

9.00  p.  m 

19. 6               15. 0 

10.00  p.  m 

69. 16 

•  19.00 



Nov.  11 .  7.00  a.  m 

57 
64 

95.9 
96.8 

19.  5               14.  6 

10.30  a.m 

19.6               14.6 

2.00  p.  m 

65               98. 6 

20. 0               16. 1 

65 
69 

98.0 

98.6 

20. 0              16. 0 

9.00  p.  m 



20.8               16.7 

lO.OOp.  m 

73.  40 

Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  weight,  composition,  and 
heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  eaten  and  of  the  feces  are  shown  in 
the  following  tables.  As  has  already  been  stated,  the  intention  was 
to  continue  the  experiment  four  days,  but  the  discovery  of  a  leak  in 
the  ventilating  air  pipe  made  all  results  after  7  a.  m.  of  November  12 
unreliable.  As  the  discovery  of  the  accident  was  made  after  breakfast, 
it  was  not  practicable  to  administer  charcoal  for  the  separation  of  the 
feces  until  supper  on  November  12.  The  food,  however,  during  this 
day  was  the  same  in  kind  and  amount  as  during  the  previous  days  of 
the  experiment  proper,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  time  was 
passed  within  the  respiration  chamber. 
18007— No.  !()!♦— o2 3 


31 


Table  24. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  13. 


Lab- 
ora- 

torv 
No. 

Pood  materials. 

Weight 
per  day. 

WatH    Sn.         Fat 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro-    Heat  of 
'          eombus- 
gen-        tion. 

2962 

Beef 

Grams. 

235 
45 

750 
275 

50 
25 
40 

Grams.   Grams. 

166. 1         59.  0 

4. 5             .5 

650.  3         27.  0 
102.  3         23.  6 

2.9  ,        5.6 
1.3           1.4 

Grams. 

4.7 

38.3 

24.0 
14.0 

4.1 
2.7 

Grams. 

12.  8 
131.7 

36.5 
19  2 

Grams. 
9  40 

Grams. 

Grams. 
4.86 
4.54 

7.  80 
3.1.91 

3.21 
1.67 
2.59 

Calories. 

371 
351 

565 

816 

223 
112 

2956 

Butter 

.09       28.60 

4.35       51.98 
3.79       81.10 

22.  41 

•»>       n  ifi 

2959 
2963 

Milk  (whole and 

skimmed) 

Bread  

2960 

Maize    breakfast 
food 

2961 

Cookies 

Sugar 

40.0    l     16.84 

158 

Total 

1,420 

927.4       117.1         87.8 

270.2       18.74     245.84  :     36.58 

1                I                1 

2, 596 

Table  25, —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces- 

No.  13. 


Meta  bolisrn  exper  iment 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight 
of  feces. 

Water. 

P™"        Fat 
tern.        rdU 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro-       Car- 
gen,       bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

combus- 
tion. 

2965 

Total,  4  days 

Average,  1  day  . . . 

Grams. 

296 

74 

Grams. 
206.6 

51.7 

Grams.   Grams. 

27. 5         24. 6 

6.9           6.2 

Grams. 

20.7 

5.2 

Grains.    Grains. 
4.  41       44. 52 
1.10       11.13 

Grams. 
6.33 
1.58 

Calories. 
500 
125 

It  has  proved  a  difficult  matter  to  preserve  urine  so  that  there  shall 
be  no  decomposition  of  the  urea  into  ammonium  carbonate.  About  2 
cubic  centimeters  of  commercial  formalin  was  added  to  the  composite 
sample  of  the  urine  for  each  day  as  a  preservative,  but  owing  to  una- 
voidable delays  it  was,  in  many  instances,  impossible  to  determine  the 
heat  of  combustion  of  daily  samples  until  some  days  after  the  experi- 
ment closed.  In  experiment  No.  13  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  com- 
posite sample  for  the  four  days  was  found  to  be  0.081  calorie  per  gram 
fresh  urine,  corresponding  to  677  calories  for  the  total  urine  for  the 
period.  Later  determinations  of  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  daily 
composites  gave  results  showing  that  a  decomposition  of  the  urine  had 
been  going  on.  This  decomposition  was  not  shown  by  a  loss  of  any 
appreciable  amount  of  nitrogen,  the  decomposition  products  remaining 
largely  in  solution.  The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  urine  was,  however, 
largely  reduced.  This  is  easily  understood  by  comparing  the  heat  of 
combustion  of  urea  with  that  of  ammonium  carbonate,  the  former 
having  a  heat  of  combustion  of  2.537  calories  per  gram  as  compared 
with  0.75  for  the  latter  as  actually  determined  in  one  sample  of  com- 
mercial ammonium  carbonate.  In  this  experiment,  therefore,  the 
heat  of  combustion  of  urine  for  each  da}'  is  computed  after  the  same 


35 

manner1  as  the  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water-free  substance  for  each 
day:  in  other  words,  it  is  assumed  to  vary  with  the  nitrogen  and  in 
the  same  relative  proportion. 

Table  26. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  six-hour  jyeriods — Metab- 
olism experiment  Xo.  13. 


Date. 


Period. 


Amount     Specific 
of  urine,    gravity. 


1898. 


Nov. 


8-  9 


Grams. 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  rn 
1  a.  ni.  to  7  a.  ni 


1.  015 
1. 012 


Nitrogen  content. 


Per  cent. 


Gram*. 
5.  98 
6.24 


9-10 
10 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


855. "    . 

.70 
1.  65 

5.99 

175.  3 

1.  023 

2.89 

2,715.7    . 

21.10 

2,715.7 

1.012 

.77 

20.  91 

503.6 
550.5 
708.2 
223.8 


1.020 
1.017 
1.012 
1.018 


.91 

.96 

.82 

1.39 


4.58 
5. 29 

5.81 
3.11 


Total 

1,986.1 
1, 986. 1 

18.79 

1.013  ; 

.95 

18.87 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m _ 

524.  2 
405. 5 
647.7 
376.4 

1.014 
1.022 
1.014 
1.010 

.88 

1.27 

.91 

.79 

4.61 

10-11 

11 

5.90 

2.97 

Total 

1,953.8 
1,953.8 

18.63 

Total  bv  composite 

1.  015 

.95 

18.  56 

653.0 
374.  3 
403.0 
275.8 

1.013 
1. 022 
1.020 
1.017 

.  75 
1.33 
1.18 
1.22 

4.90 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

4.98 

11-12 
12 

4.75 

3.36 

Total 

1,706.1 
1,  706. 1 

17.99 

Total  b v  composite 

1.016 

1.05 

17.91 

Total,  4  davs,  by  periods 

76.51 

Composite,  4  davs 

8, 361.  7 

.90 

75. 26 

Table  27. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiment  Xo.  13. 


Date. 

Amount         r..Knn            xt,-^™-^              -.»•-..,.- 

Heat  of  combustion. 

of  urine.        Carbon.          Hjdrogen. 

Per  gram. 

Total. 

N 

1898. 

jv.8-9  

9-10 

10-11  

11-12  

Grams. 

....      2.715.7 
....      1,986.1 
....      1,953.8 
1,706.1 

P.ct.    Grams.    P.ct.    Grams. 

16.38    4.6 

14.  .58    4.1 

14.45    4.1 

13.96    3.9 

P.  ct.    Grams. 

2,629.2 

1,909.1 

1.877.5 

1,632.4 

Calorie. 

Calories. 
187 

166 

165 

159 

Total.  4  day-  .... 

....      8,361.7     0.71       59.37     0.20         16.7 

96.28     8,048.2 

0.081  i            677 

The  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  of  respiration  and  perspi- 
ration during  the  different  periods  in  this  experiment  are  shown  in 
Tables  28-30.  There  was  but  little  condensation  of  water  upon  the 
ab>orbers  and  no  "drip." 


1  r.  s.  Dept.  Agr.,  <  ufice  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  60,  p.  35. 


3(5 


Table  28. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
•  jjn  riment  Xo.  13. 


Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date 

End  of  period. 

Total 
amount 

in 
cham- 
ber. 

Gain  (+) 
or  loss  (  — ) 

over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Total 
amount  of 

vapor  re- 
maining in 

chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 
or  loss  ( — ) 

over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Change  in 
weight  of 
absorbers, 
gain  (  +  ) 
or  loss  (  — ). 

Total 

amount 

gained  (  +  ) 

or  lost  (  — ) 

during  the 

period. 

1898. 
Nov.     »-  9 

7  a .  m 

Grams. 

30.8 
38.8 
41.0 
27.6 
26.1 

Grams. 

Gran  us. 
37.6 
40.3 
42.8 
43.6 
36.9 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+  8.0 
+  2.2 
-13.4 
-  1.5 

+2.7 
+2.5 
+  .8 
-6.7 

+35 

+45 
+  2 
+  2 

+37.7 

+47  5 

+  2.8 

7  a.  m 

—  4.7 

Total 

-  4.7 

_  .7 

+84 

+83.3 

1  p.m 

7  p.m 

1  a.m 

7  a.m 

Total 

1  p.m 

7  p.m 

1  a.m 

9-16 

38.3 
37.1 
27.6 
28.5 

+12.  2 

-  1.2 

-  9.5 
+     .9 

40.1 
41.1 
39.2 
37.2 

+3.2 
+1.0 
-1.9 

-2.0 

+  7 
-39 
-10 
-10 

+10.2 
-38.0 
-11.9 
-12.0 

+  2.4 

+   .3 

-52 

—51.  7 

10-11 

36.4 
39.8 
29.1 
29.7 

-  7.9 
+  3.4 
-10.7 
+     .6 

38.6 
38.8 
38.3 
35.6 

-1.4 
+  .2 
—  .5 
-2.7 

+48 
+12 
-23 
-24 

+49.4 
+12.2 
-23.5 

7  a.m 

Total 

-26.7 

+  1.2 

-1.6 

+13 

+11.4 

-Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in   ventilating  air  cur  rent 
No.  13. 


Table  29. 


I — Metabolism  expert  mint 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventila- 
tion 
(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

Carbon  dioxid. 

In  incoming 
air. 

(d)           {€)           (f)            (g) 

„  t  ,      i>r?c:  Corrected 

(h) 

Total 
weight 

ex- 
haled, 

Date. 

(6) 

Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
ax&. 

Total 
In  out-     excess 
going    inoutgo- 
air-       ing  air, 
d—c. 

amount    amount 
Remain     exhaled 

1898. 
Nov.    8-  9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total 

Liters. 
26,872 
26, 795 
27, 554 
27,448 

Kg. 

0.641 
.623 
.579 
.618 

Grams. 

17.2 
16.7 
16.0 
16.9 

Grams.     Grams. 
239.3  I      222.1 
239. 1         222. 4 
216.  5         200.  5 
145.9  |       129.0 

Grams. 
+  8.0 
+  2.2 
-13.4 
-  1.5 

Grams. 
230.1 
224.  6 
187.1 
127.5 

Grams. 
62.7 
61.3 
51.0 
:-u.  8 

1 OS. 669 

66.8 

840. 8         774.  0 

-  4.7 

769.3 

209.8 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

9-10 

26, 372 
26, 072 

27,920 
27,549 

.622 
.633 
.599 
.559 

16.4 
16.5 
16.7 
lb  A 

215. 9         199. 5 
216.9         200.4 
223. 3         206. 6 
145. 8         130. 4 

+12.2 

-  1.2 

-  9.5 

+     .9 

211.7 
199.  2 
197.1 
131.3 

57.7 
54.3 
63. 8 

35.8 

107,913 

65.0 

801.9         736.9 

+  2.4 

739.3 

201.6 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

10-11 

27,  290 
26,362 
28, 340 
26, 904 

.  592 
.591 
.551 
.579 

16.2 
15.6 

15.6 
15.6 

221.5         205.3        +7.9 

218.4  i      202.8       +3.4 

224.5  208.9       -10.7 
145.7         130.1        +     .6 

213. 2 
206.2 

198.2 
130.7 

58.1 
56.2 
54.1 
35.7 

108, 896 

63.0 

810.1  ,       747.1        +  1.2  |        748.3 

204.1 

Total,  3  days  . 

325,478      

194.8 

2.452.8     2,258.0        -1.1       2,256.9 

615.5 

37 


T.'ble  30.  —Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  18. 


(a) 

Water  in  in- 
coming air. 

Water 

n  outgoing  air. 

(g) 

W 

(*) 

t  ^ 

c  = 

t- 

V 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

-  r 
053 

-2 

£  a 

s 

s* 

gg 

as 

•_  ~ 

Date. 

Period. 

C1/-A 

~-B 

y- 

g-3 

C  pj 

§2 

©3 

•d 

_•- 

s  — ■ 

;J 

a  be 

o_ 

33 

92 

X 
B 

~% 
O 

-  a 

—  DO 

mount 
densed 
ers. 

+ 

l 

x  z 
5c 

3- 

o  - 

*5    . 

> 

Ph 

&H 

< 

< 

Eh 

-— 

c 

E-" 

L898. 

Liters. 

Mgs. 

Grams. 

lira  ms. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram*. 

Gram*. 

Grams. 

NOV.      8-9 

7  a.m. to  1  p.m. 

26,  872 

1.135 

30.5 

166.9 

50.5 

217.  4 

186.9 

+37.7 

224. 6 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

26,  795 

1.108 

•  29.7 

164.8 

44.7 

209.5 

179.8 

+47.  5 

227.  3 

7  p. m.  tol  a.m. 

27,  554 

1.040 

28.7 

197.1 

50.5 

247.  6 

218.9 

+  2.8 

221.  7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 
Total 

27,  448 

.980 

26.9 

157.6 

43.5 

201.1 

174.2 

-4.7 

169. 5 

108,669    

115.8 

686.4 

189.2 

875.  6 

759.  8 

+83.  3 

843. 1 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m. 

9-10 

26. 372 

1.015 

26.7 

167.8 

46.5 

214.  3 

187.6 

+10.2 

197.8 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

26, 072 

1.045 

27.2 

160.7 

44.7 

205.  4 

178.  2 

-38.0 

140.  2 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m. 

27, 920 

1.073 

30.0 

181.9 

50.7 

232.  6 

202.6 

-11.9 

190.7 

1  a.m.  to 7  a.m. 
Total 

27,549 

.970 

26.7 

165.7 

41.1 

206.8 

180.1 

-12.0 

168.1 

107,913    

110.6 

676.1 

183.0 

859. 1 

748.5 

-51.7 

696.  S 

7  a.m. to  1  p.m. 

'      10-11 

27,290 

1.013 

27.6 

163.1 

49.0 

212. 1 

184.5 

+49.4 

233.  9 

1  p.m. to 7  p.m. 

26, 362 

1.082 

28.5 

171.7 

43.3 

215.0 

186.5 

+12.2 

198.7 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m. 

28, 340 

1.  022 

29.0 

183.8 

51.0 

234.8 

205.8 

-23.  5 

182.  3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

Total,  3  day?.. 

26,  904 

.890 

23.9 

152.7 

38.2 

190.9 

167.0 

-26.7 

140  3 

108, 896 

10940 

671.3 

181.  5 

852. 8 

743.8 

+11.4 

755.  2 

325, 478 

335.  4 

2,  033.  8 

553.  7 

2, 587. 5 

2, 252. 1 

+43.0 

2, 295. 1 

88 


Table  31   summarizes  the  result  of  the  calorimetric  measurements 
during  this  experiment. 

Table  31. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No.  IS. 


Period. 

(a) 

Heat 
measured 
in  terms 

(b)            (c) 

Change    Capacity 
oftem-      correc- 
perature     tion  of 
ofcalo-    ealorime- 
rimeter.   tei 

\d) 

Correc- 
tion due 
to  tem- 
perature 
oi  food 

and 
dishes. 

(«) 

Water 

vaporized 
equals 

total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 
condensed 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(/) 

Beat 

used  in 

vapori- 
zation of 

water. 
6X0.592. 

iff) 

Total 

heat 

deter- 
mined, 

-  - 

Nov. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  no 

1  p.  in.  t<»  7  j>.  m  — 
7  p.  in.  t<>  1  a.  m  — 

1  a.m.  to  7  a. in 

Total 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  i>.  m 

7  i>.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  ]».  in 

1  j>.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  i>.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.m.  To  7  a.  m 

Calories. 

530.2 

161.8 
293.  1 

Degree.     Calories. 

+0. 02              1 .  2 
00                  0 
04               2  4 

Calories. 

-  30.3 

-  43.4 

189.6 

S2 

219.7 

167.5 

112.2 
108.0 
130.1 

Calories. 
613.3 

+  .02           +1.2 

99.  2         393. 8 

1,856.1 

-  73.7 

759. 1 

449.5     2,231.9 

9-10 

is-"),  8          -   .Ul            +  .6 
198.5              .01           -  .6 

151.  1         -  .03           -1.8 
-   •               04           -'J.  4 

-  30.8 

190.8 
179.2 
200.7 
178.1 

112.5         668.1 

106.1 

118.8         571.4 



106.  1         116. 6 

1,742.5    4  -  .6       -74.1 

748.8 

442.  s      2.111.8 

10-11 

485. 3         +  .  04             2.  1 

196.1               .07           -4.2 

10    -        -l-fi.O 

-  29.2 

-  14.8 

185.9 
186.7 

164.  3 

110.1        568.6 

110.5 

121.5          567.2 

1            ' 
-   .05           -3.0 

97.3 

U5.2 

Total 1,742.0 

Total,  odays.      5.340.6 


1.2        -  74.0 


742.  2 


139.4     2,108.6 


H.8 


-221.8         2,2.50.1 


Balance  of  incorm  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — The  calculated 
income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  are  shown 
in  the  Table-  32-35. 

The  subject  was  not  as  nearly  in  nitrogen  equilibrium  as  in  many  of 
the  previous  experiments,  and  the  loss  of  nitrogen  on  the  first  day  of 
the  experiment  was  much  greater  than,  on  the  2  days  following.  In 
connection  with  these  experiments  it  has  become  a  matter  of  frequent 
observation  that  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  seems  to  be 
affected  by  numerous  causes  little  understood.  Thus  in  this  experi- 
ment the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  during  the  4  days 
preliminary  to  the  experiment  amounted  to  1."..:;.  L4.8,  20.9,  and  lM.4 
grams,  respectively,  while  tin1  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urine  during 
tie-  :;  days  of  the  experiment  proper  amounted  to  21.1.  18.8,  and  18.6 
grams,  respectively.  It  is  difficult  to  understand  the  exact  cause  for 
the  large  elimination  of  nitrogen  during  the  2  days  preceding  the 
experiment  and  the  first  day  in  the  apparatus.  It  was  doubtless  due 
to  some  physiological  or  psychic  cause,  but  well  illustrates  the  large 
fluctuation    which   may   occur   in   the   excretion    of    nitrogen    without 


39 

change  of  diet.  It  is  possible  that  nervous  excitement  may  affect  the 
excretion  of  nitrogen  and  thai  the  increased  elimination  of  nitrogen 
here  observed  may  have  been  due  in  part  to  an  incident  which  pro- 
duced such  excitement  at  about  this  time.  A  recent  experiment  by 
one  of  as  (F.  (i.  B.),  however,  regarding  the  effect  of  nervous  excite- 
ment on  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  gave  negative  results.  In  experi- 
ment No.  13  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  on  the  fourth  day,  the  day  on 
which  the  experiment  would  have  terminated  had  there  not  been  an 
accident.  was  Is  grams,  a  smaller  amount  than  on  any  of  the  preceding 
day-. 

Table  32. — Tneonu  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  <nnl  carbon — Metabolism  exp<  rinu  nt  No.  13. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Time. 

In 

i 1. 

In 

(c) 

In 
urine. 

((0 
Gain 

(  +  )or 

ss 
a~(b 

(«) 

In 
food. 

In 
feces. 

In 
urine. 

l/M                  (k) 

In  re-       Gain 
spira- 

torv 
prod-    e-(f+ 

ucts.     g+h). 

-    -                           dm  ins. 

Nov. 8-9, 7  a. m.  to 7  a.m —       18.7 

9-10,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.  ..        L8.8 

10-11, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m..       18.7 

d  rams. 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 

(^■ams.  i  Grams. 
21.1        -3.5 
18.8       -1.1 
18. 6       -1.0 

(irnms. 
245.8 
245.9 
2  15.  B 

Grams. 
ll.l 
11.2 
11.1 

drams. 
16.4 
14.6 
14.4 

drams,    drams. 
209.8            -  5 

201.0  +18.5 

204.1  +16.2 

Total,:1,  days  ....       56.2         3.3 
Average,  l  day..       18.7         1. 1 

58.5        -5.6       737.5 
19.5       -1.9       245.8 

33.4         45.4       615.5        +43.2 
11.1         15.1       205.2       -14.4 

Table  33. — Incomt  <nvl  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  IS. 


Time. 


Water. 


(a) 

In 
food. 


(6) 

In 
drink. 


(c) 

In 
feces. 


(rf) 

In 
urine. 


drams.  drams.  drams. 

m.  to  7  a.  m 927.  i  l .  499.  2  51. 7      2. 629. 2 

9-10.  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 927. 4  1.. 500.0  51.7       1,909.1 

10-11, 7a.m. to 7 a.m 927.4  1,500.0  I  51.7 

Total.  3  da ys 2.7S2.2  4,499.2  155.1 

Average,  1  day 927.1  1,499.7  51.7 


drains. 


1,877.5 


(«)       ,       (/) 
Inrespir-     Appar- 
atorv      ent  loss, 


prod- 
ucts. 


a+b— 


drams.  drams. 

I  -1.097.4 

696. 8  -     230. 2 

755.  2  -     257.  0 


6,415.8       2.295.1      -1,584.6 
2,138.6  765.0      -     528.2 


Time. 


:  i. to  7a. m... 

9-10,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
10-11.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in. 

Total.  ::  <lay> 

Average,  l  day 


Hydrogen. 


(9) 

In 

food. 


(h) 


In 


(i) 


In 
urine. 


(0 
Appar- 
ent gain, 
9- 


Lose 

from 

water. 


(n) 

Total 

gain  i  f) 

or 

l  +  m  . 


drams. 


1.6 

1.6 

121.',' 

-91.5 

1.6 

4.1 

+  5.3 

1.6 

1.1 

+  2.3 

L09.8 

Lfl 

12.8 

■  92  2 

176.1 

83.9 

1.6 

40 

Table  34. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (NX 6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  13. 


Time. 


(«) 

Nitrogen 
gained 
(  +  )or 

lost  (-). 


(ft) 

Protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-), 
ax  6.25. 


(c) 

Total 
carbon 
gained 

(  +  )  or 
lost(-). 


id) 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(+)or 
lost  (-), 
6x0.53. 


(e) 
Carbon 
in  fat, 

etc., 

gained 

(+)  or 

lost(-), 

c-d. 


(/) 

Fat 
gained 
,(  +  )<* 

lost(-), 

e -^0.765. 


1898. 

Nov.  8-9,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

9-10,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

10-11,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total,  3  days -5.6         —35.0 

Average,  1  day -1.9         —11.7 


Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

G  mm.-. 

-3.5 

-21.9 

+  8.5 

-11.6 

+20.1 

+26.3 

-1.1 

-  6.9 

+18.5 

-  3.7 

+22.2 

+29. 0 

-1.0 

-  6.2 

+16.2 

-  3.3 

+19.5 

+25.  5 

+43.2 
+14.4 


■18.6 
■  6.2 


+61. 
+20. 


+80.8 
+26.9 


Time. 


1898. 
Nov.  8-9,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . 
9-10,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
10-11,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 


(9) 


Total 
h 

gained 
or  lost  ( - ) 


(h) 
Hydrogen 


ydrogen    ™S(+) 


Grams. 
-91.5 
+  5.3 
+  2.3 


6x0.07. 


Grams. 
-1.5 

-  .5 

-  .4 


(i) 

Hydrogen 

"in  fat 

gained  (  +  ) 

or  lost  (-). 

/xO.12. 


Grams. 
+3.2 
+3.5 
+3.0 


-83.9 
-28.0 


-2.4 

-  .8 


+9.7 
-3.2 


Ik) 

Hydrogen 
in  water, 

etc., 
gained  (+) 
or  lost  ( — ) , 
g-(h+i). 


Grains. 
-93. 2 
+  2.3 
-     .3 


-91.2 
-30.4 


Water 

gained  (+) 

or  lost  (-), 

tx9. 


Grams. 
-838.8 

+  20.7 
-     2.7 


820.8 

273.6 


Table  35. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  13. 


Time. 


1898. 
Nov.  8-9,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
9-10,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
10-11,7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total.  3  days 


(a) 


Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
food 
eaten. 


Calo- 
ries. 

2,596 

2,596 

2,596 


/, 


Average,  1  day 2,596 


(b) 


Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
feces. 


Calo- 
ries. 

125 

.125 

125 


Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
urine. 


Calo- 
rie^. 

187 

166 

165 


375 

125 


518 
173 


(d) 
Esti- 
mated 
heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
pro- 
tein 
gained 
(+)or 
lost 


(«) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 

fat 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost 


Calo- 
ries. 

-126 

-  40 

-  35 


Calo- 
ries. 

+247 

+273 

+240 


(/) 

Esti- 
mated 
energy 
of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the 
bodv. 
a-(b+ 

c+ 
d+e). 


-201 
-  67 


+760 
+253 


Calo- 
ries. 

2, 163 

2, 072 

2,101 


(9) 

(h) 

Heat 

deter- 

mined 

great- 

Heat 

er  (+) 

deter- 

or less 

mined. 

(-) 

than 

esti- 

mated, 

9-f. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

ries. 

ries. 

2, 232 

+  69 

2, 112 

+  40 

2,108 

+     7 

w 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
great- 
er (+) 
or  less 

than 
esti- 
mated, 
h+f. 


6,336 
2, 112 


6, 452 
2, 151 


+116 


Per 

a  nt. 

+3.  2 
+2.0 
-    .3 


+1. 


METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.  14. 


Subject. — E.  O.,  who  served  as  the  subject  in  experiments  Nos.  11 
and  13  here  reported.  His  weight  without  clothing  was  about  64  kilo- 
grams (141  pounds).  It  will  be  noticed  that  he  had  lost  about  6  kilo- 
grams in  weight  between  the  last  experiment  and  this  one.  During 
the  intervening  time  he  had  a  severe  cold. 


41 


Occupation  during  experiment. — Reading  and  writing,  with  as  little 
muscular  and  mental  activity  as  possible.  The  subject  was  consider- 
ably more  quiet  during*  this  rest  experiment  than  during  the  previous 
one. 

Duration. — Four  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.,  December  20,  1898. 
The  preliminary  period  continued  3  days,  beginning  with  breakfast, 
December  17,  1898.  The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on 
the  evening  of  December  19. 

Diet. — The  diet  during  the  experiment  was  much  the  same  as  during 
the  previous  experiment,  and  furnished  94  grams  of  protein  and  2,513 
calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served 
at  each  meal  and  the  quantities  of  drink  consumed  each  day  were  as 
follows: 

Table  36. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  14. 

FOOL>. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef. .                               

Grams. 
55 
20 
200 
95 
50 

Grains. 

105 

25 

Grams. 

Grams. 
160 

Butter 

25 
250 
110 

70 

450 

Bread 

105 

310 

Maize  breakfast  food 

50 

30 
21 

30 

20 

20 

64 

DRINK. 


Time. 

Coffee 
infusion. 

Grams. 
300 

Water. 
Grams. 

Time. 
Supper  

Coffee 
infusion. 

Water. 

Breakfast 

Grams. 
300 

Grams. 

10.30  a.  m 

200 

10.00  p.  m 

200 

300 

Total  for  day 

200 

900                600 

3.50  p.  m 

The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  is  shown  in  the  following 
schedule.     The  statistics  of  the  diarv  are  summarized  in  Table  38. 


Table  37. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  14- 


7.00  a.  m 

Rise,    pass    urine,    weigh    self 

,  3.30  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

stripped,  collect  drip,   weigh 

6.30  p.  m 

Supper. 

absorbers. 

J  7.00  p.  m 

Pass   urine,   collect   drip,    weigh 

7.45  a.  m 

Breakfast. 

absorbers. 

10.30  a.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

10.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water,  weigh  self 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  collect  drip,  weigh 

stripped,  take  cap  off  food  aper- 

absorbers. 

ture,  retire. 

1.30  p.  m 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.  m 

Pass  urine. 

42 


Table  38. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  14. 


Date. 

Weight  of 
subject  in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 
per  minute. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Hygrometer  readings. 

Dry  bulb. 

Wet  bulb. 

1898. 

Kilograms. 

°F. 

°C. 

«C*. 

Dec.  20, 7.00  a.  m 

63. 59 

64 

99.0 

20.8 

15.6 

10.30  a.  m 

67 

99.2 

21.4 

17.0 

5.30  p.  m 

65 

99.4 

21.2 

16.4 

9.00  p.m 

66 

99.1 

21.3  '                16.9 

10.00  p.  m 

Dec.  21, 7.00  a.  m 

64.28 
63.  59 

57 

98.  2 

21.0                  16.2 

10.00  a.  m 

61 

98.6 

21.4                  16.4 

2.00  p.m 



60 

98.2 

21.1                   16.4 

5.30  p.m 



62 

98.6 

21.3                  17.1 

9.00  p.m 

60 

21.2                  16.6 

10.00  p.m 

Dec.  22, 7.00  a.  m 

63.96 
63. 10 

62 

98.2 

21.4                  16.6 

3.00  p.m 

61 

99.4 

21.  4                  16.  6 

10.00  p.m 

64. 28 

66 

99.6 

21.4 

17.1 

Dec.  23.  7.00  a.  m 

63.23 

57 

99.5 

21.0 

16.7 

3.00  p.m 

62 

99.2 

21.1 

17.1 

10.00  p.m 

63.  95 

60 

97.9 

21.4 

16.9 

Dec.  24,  7.00  a.  m 

62.64 

59 

97.2 

21.4 

Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  usual  determinations  of 
income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  were 
made.  The  quantities  of  nutrients  in  the  food  consumed  each  day 
and  the  quantities  rejected  in  the  feces  are  shown  in  Tables  39  and  40. 

Table  39. —  WeigM,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment Xo.  14. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  materials. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Wuter-     Sn.        Fat 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

combus- 
tion. 

2967 
2970 
2972 
2968 
2960 

Beef 

Butter 

Skimmed  milk... 

Bread 

Maize  breakfast 

food 

Sugar 

Ginger  snaps 

Total 

Grains. 

160 

70 

450 

310 

50 
64 
30 

a  rams.   Grams. 
105.  6         44.  5 
7.4             .8 
405.9         17.1 
129.3         24.5 

2.  9           5.  5 

Grams. 

6.7 

59.9 

.5 

8.7 

4.2 

Grams. 



22.  5 
143. 5 

36.5 
64.0 
23.3 

Grams. 

7.10 

.13 

2.75 
3.94 

.31 

Grams. 
28.40 
43.79 
19.58 
84.72 

22. 41 
26.94 
13.16 

Grams. 

4.22 

7.14 

2.  75 

12.  74 

3.21 
4.15 
2.02 

Calories. 
314 
553 
198 
840 

223 
253 

2969 

1.4           2.0 

2.5 

132 

1,134 

652.  5         94.  4 

82.5  |    289.8 

15.12 

239.00 

36.23            2,513 

43 

Table  40. —  Weight,  composition,  and   heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experi- 
ment Xo.  14. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


Weight  p  Carbo-    Xi  r  Hvdrn     Heat  of 

.  of        Water-      te  Fat-       ,  h>-"       ^en  Sn         Jen       COI?bus- 

leces.  drates.      -  ge   •        tion. 


2974     Total.  4  days.. 
Average,  lday 


Grams. 


Grams.   Grams.    Grams.    Grams.    Gram*.   Grams.    Grams.    Calories. 
162.3         21.4         14.7         12.7         3.43       29.52         4.04  328 


54.7         40.6  .3.4  3.7  3.2  .86         7. 3S         1.01  S2 


The  amount  and  composition  of  the  urine  during  this  experiment 
are  shown  in  Tables  41  and  42.  As  usual,  the  urine  was  collected  in 
6-hour  periods,  from  which  composite  samples  were  made  for  the 
whole  day. 

After  the  urine  for  the  6-hour  periods  had  been  analyzed  for  nitro- 
gen in  the  usual  way.  the  small  remaining-  portions  were,  as  has  been 
the  custom,  discarded,  although  the  daily  composite  samples  and  the 
total  composite  sample  for  4  days  were  saved  until  all  possibility  of 
their  being  required  for  future  analysis  had  passed.  Immediately 
after  the  urine  for  the  6-hour  periods  had  been  discarded,  it  was 
discovered  that  there  were  certain  errors  in  the  determinations  of 
nitrogen,  which  rendered  the  results  more  or  less  uncertain.  The 
nitrogen  was  redetermined  in  the  total  composite,  and  the  results  of 
these  redeterminations  appear  in  Table  41.  These  results  are  used  in 
the  calculation  of  the  outgo  of  nitrogen  instead  of  the  sum  of  those 
in  <i-hour  periods,  inasmuch  as  the  latter,  although  in  most  case- 
very  nearly  the  same,  are  thought  to  be.  if  anything,  less  accurate. 

The  heat  of  combustion  of  the  total  composite  sample  of  urine  for 
the  4  clays  of  this  experiment  was  determined  soon  after  its  close,  but 
the  determinations  of  the  daily  composites  were,  as  explained  in  the 
description  of  the  previous  experiment,  unavoidably  postponed  so 
long  that  the  urine  had  partially  decomposed.  The  heat  of  combus- 
tion of  the  urine  for  each  day  in  this  experiment  is  therefore  com- 
puted in  the  same  way8  as  the  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  water-free  sub- 
stance.    The  urine  was  not  collected  after  the  close  of  the  experiment. 

U.  8.  Dept  Agr.',  Office  of  Experiment  Station*  Bui.  69,  p.  35. 


44 

Table  41. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  six-hour  periods — Metabo- 
lism experiment  Xo.  14. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 

of  urine. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen  content. 

1898. 
Dec.  20-21 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7p.rn.tola.rn 

Grams. 
267.6 
315.9 
345. 8 
161.7 

1.028 
1.028 
1.023 
1.027 

Per  cent. 
1.98 
1.78 
1.49 
1.95 

Grnms. 

Total 

1,091.0 
1,091.0 

19. 22 

Total  bv  composite 

1.025 

1.72 

18.77 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m 

21-22 

241.7 
426.  6 
573.1 
221.0 

1.023 
1.019 
1.013 
1.016 

1.59 

1.18 

.82 

1.08 

7p.rn.tola.rn 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1,462.4 
1.462.4 

15.  y»; 

1.016 

1.09 

15.  94 

22-23 

352.  6 
491.2 
590.4 
164.  5 

1.019 
1.016 
1.012 

1.022 

1.04    

.98    

.74    

1.46    

1,598.7 

1,598.7 

15.  25 

1.015 

.95 

15.19 

23-24 

263.5 
497.4 
703.7 
181.3 

1.022 
1.016 
1.011 
1.022 

1.19 
.97 
.66 

1.34 

Total 

1,645.9 
1,645.9 

15. 03 

Total  bv  composite 

1.024 

.91  ' 

14.98 

Total  of  composites 

5, 798. 0 
5,  798. 0 

64.88 

Composite,  4  davs 

1.12 

64  94 

Table  42. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine 

olism  experiment  Xo.  14. 


—Metab- 


Date. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Heat  of  combus- 
tion. 

Per          T  r  , 
gram.         iotaJ- 

1898. 
Dec.  20-21 

Grams. 
1,091.0 
1,462.4 
1,598.7 
1,645.9 

P.  ct.    Grams.    P.  ct. 

14.09    

11.97    

11.40    

11.24    

Grams. 
4.02 

P.ct. 

Grams. 
1,037.3 
1,416.8 

1,555.3 
1,603.1 

Calorie.    Calories. 
164 

21-22 

3.42    

3.26    

140 

22-23 

133 

23-24 

3.21 

|             131 

Total,  4  days 

5.  798. 0 

0.84       48.70     0.24 

13.91 

96.08 

5,612.5 

0. 098                568 

45 

The  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  given  on1'  in  respiration  and 
perspiration  during  the  experiment  are  shown  in  Tables  43-45. 

Table  43. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
expt  riment  Xo.  14. 


Carbon  dioxid. 


Water. 


Date. 


End  of  period. 


Total 
amount 
in  cham- 
ber. 


Gain  (+) 

or 
loss(-) 

over 

preceding 

period. 


Total  Gain(  +  )  Change  in  !       Total 

amount  or  weight  of      amount 

of  vapor  loss(  — )  absorbers,   gained  (  +  ) 

remain-  over  gain(+)     or  lost  (  — ) 

ing  in  preceding  or         ■  during  the 

chamber.        period.  loss(-).        period. 


1898. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Dec.    20-21 

7  a.m 

lp.m 

30.6    . 
38. 0 

40.3 
46.0 

+  7.4 

+  5.7 

-10 

-  4.3 

7  p.m 

35. 2 

-  2.8 

44.7 

-1.8 

+19 

+  17.7 

1  a.m 

27.1 

-  8.1 

49.5 

+  4.8 

-  8  ; 

-  3.2 

7  a.m 

Total  .... 

24. 0 

-  3.1 

39.4 

-10.1 

-  "  ' 

-17.1 

-  6.6 

-     .9 

—  6 

-  6.9 

1  p.m 

21-22 

33.  4 

+  9.4 

39.8 

+     .4 

_  0 

-  1.6 

7  p.  m 

35.5 

+  2.1 

46.7 

-  6.9 

-  7 

+13.9 

1  a.m 

27.  9 

-  7.6 

45.4 

-  1.3 

-  1 

-  2.3 

7  a.m 

Total  .... 
1  p.m 

27.0 

-     .9 

42.3 

-  3.1 

0 

-  3.1 

-  3.0 

+  2.9 

+  4 

-  6.9 

22-23 

—           37.7 

+10.7 

44.2 

+  1.9 

—  8 

-  6.1 

7  p.m 

41.6 

+  3.9 

4-.  2 

4-4.0 

-22 

.       +26.0 

1  a.m... 

37.1 

-  4.5 

53.  2 

+  5.0 

-  3 

+  2.0 

7  a.m 

Total 

1  p.m 

28.  9 

-  8.2 

45.8 

-  7.4 

"3 

-10.4 

+  1.9 

+  3.5 

+  8  | 

-11.5 

23-24 

37.4 

+  8.5 

44.5 

-  1.8 

-16 

-17.3 

7  p.m 

37.6 

+     .2 

45.9 

+  1.4 

+  9.4 

1  a.m 

27.5 

-10.1 

50.9 

+  5.0 

+  5 

+  10.0 

7  a.m 

Total 

23.8  ! 

-  3.7 

46.4 

-  4.5 

+  3 

-  1.5 

-  5.1 

—     .  6    . 

+     .6 

46 

Table  .44. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  14. 


(a) 

Ventila- 
tion 
(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Period. 

In  incoming 
air. 

(d) 

In  out- 
going 
air. 

(«) 

Total 
excess  in 

outgo- 
ing air, 

d  —  c. 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
cham- 
ber. 

Cor- 
rected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 
e+f. 

(h) 
Total 

Date. 

(6) 

Per 

liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb. 

weight 
of  car- 
bon ex- 
haled, 

0XT\. 

1898. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Dec.   20-21 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 

26, 170 

0.634 

16.6 

221.6 

205.0 

+  7.4 

212  A 

57.9 

1  p.m.  to  7p.m. 

26, 608 

.566 

15.1 

225.6 

210.5 

-  2.8 

207.7 

56.7 

7p.m.  to  1  a.m. 

27, 430 

.555 

15.2 

226.5 

211.  3 

-  8.1 

203.2 

55.4 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
Total 

27,  525 

.591 

16.3 

161.7 

145.4 

-  3.1 

142.3 

38.8 

107, 733 

63.2 

835. 4 

772.2 

-  6.6 

765.6 

208.8 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 

21-22 

26, 971 

.598 

16.1 

217.0 

200. 9 

+  9.4 

210.3 

57.4 

1  p.m.  to 7  p.m. 

26, 507 

.597 

15.8 

218.6 

202.  8 

+  2.1 

204.9 

55.9 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 

27, 130 

.571 

15.5 

214.  5 

199.0 

-7.6 

191.4 

52.2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

26,  989 

.576 

15.5 

154.2 

138.7 

-      .9 

137.8 

37.6 

Total 

107,597    

62.9 

804.3 

741.4 

+  3.0 

744.4 

203.1 

22-23     7  a.m.  to  1p.m. 

26, 093 

.595 

15.5 

219.8 

204.3 

+10.7 

215.0 

58.6 

1  p.m.  to  7p.m. 

27,152 

.615 

16.7 

220.7 

204.0 

+  3.9 

207.9 

56.7 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 

27,485 

.616 

16.9 

229.6 

212.7 

-4.5 

208.2 

56.8 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
Total 

27,580 

.639 

17.6 

157.9 

140.3 

-  8.2 

132. 1 

36.0 

108, 310 

66.7 

828.0 

761.3 

+  1.9 

763.2 

208.1 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m. 

23-24 

26,9U 

.  625 

16.8 

224.  5 

207.7 

+  8.5 

216.  2 

58.9 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

27,059 

.577 

15.6 

232.1 

216.5 

+     .2 

216.7 

59.1 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 

27, 818 

.552 

15.3 

227.8 

212.5 

-10.1 

202.4 

65.  2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
Total 

27,533 

.576 

15.8 

151. 0 

135.  2 

-  3.7 

131.5 

35.9 

109, 381 

63.5 

835.4 

771.9 

-  5.1 

766.8 

209.1 

Total, 4  days.. 

433,021    

256.  3 

3, 303. 1 

3, 046.  8 

-  6.8 

3, 040.  0 

829.1 

47 


Table  45. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  14- 


Period. 

Ventilation  (number  of  <g 
liters  of  air). 

Water  in  in- 
coming air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(9) 

0 

*t 

g'3 

<y  be 

il 

o 

(h) 

i> 

t~    . 

t-  o 

►a 

li 

IS 

c  S 

u 

(i) 

Date. 

(6) 

* 

(c) 

X 

li 
C 

id) 

o 
o 

=  7  - 
z  ~  » 

2~.£ 
< 

(e) 

o  c 

o  Z  '■ 

=  -  - 
< 

+ 
o 

CL+3 

"•a 
S3  . 

1898. 

Liters. 

Mgs. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

drains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams 

Dec.   20-21 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m. 

2t;  170 

1.023 

26.8 

195.1 

46.  6 

241.7 

214.  9 

-  4.3 

210. 6 

1  p.m.  to 7  p.m. 

26, 608 

.888 

23.6 

219.9 

41.6 

261.5 

237. 9 

+17.7 

255. 6 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m. 

27,430 

.853 

23.4 

229.  8 

45. 1       274.  9 

251.5 

-  3.2 

248.3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total 

7  a.m. tol  p.m. 

27,  525 

.870 

24.0 

222.  2 

41.1       263.3 

239.3 

-17.1 

222.2 

107.733 

97.8 

867.0 

174.4    1,041.4 

943.  6 

-  6.9 

936.7 

21-22 

26. 971 

.868 

23.4 

203.  5 

40.  7       244.  2 

220.  8 

-  1.6 

219. 2 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m. 

26,  507 

.882 

23.4 

222.  4 

40.  4       262. 8 

239.4 

+13.9 

253.3 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. 

27, 130 

.886 

24.0 

220. 1 

45.4 

265.5 

241.5 

-  2.3 

239. 2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
Total 

26, 989 

.894 

24.1 

215.  7 

39.6 

255.  3 

231.2 

-  3.1 

228.1 

107, 597 

94.9 

861.7 

166. 1 

1,027.8 

932.  9 

+  6.9 

939.8 

22-23 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m. 

26, 093 

.884 

23.1 

203.5 

39.0 

242.  5 

219.4 

-  6.1 

213.3 

1p.m. to 7  p.m.    27,152 

.930 

25.3 

220. 1 

42.2 

262.  3 

237.  0 

+26.0 

263.0 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.    27,485 

.952 

26.2 

241.9 

17.1 

289.0 

262. 8 

+  2.0 

264.  8 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 

Total 

7  a.m. tol  p.m. 

27, 580 

.871 

24.0 

224.4 

41.7 

266.1 

242. 1 

-10.4 

231.7 

108,310 

98.6 

889.9 

170.0 

1,059.9 

961.3 

+11.5 

972.  8 

23-24 

26.  971 

.942 

25.4 

216.2 

43.9 

260. 1 

234.7 

-17.3 

217.4 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 

27, 059 

.927 

25. 1 

235.6 

41.5 

277. 1 

252. 0 

+  9.4 

261.4 

7  p.m. tol  a.m. 

27, 818 

.874 

24.3 

235.6 

46.5 

282.1 

257.  8 

+10.0 

267.  S 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

27, 533 

.886 

24.4 

239.6 

41.4 

281.0 

256.6 

-  1.5 

255. 1 

Total 

Total,  4  days.. 

1 109, 381 

99.2 

927.0 

173.3 

1,100.3 

1,001.1 

+     .6 

1,001.7 

433, 021 

390.5 

3,  545.  6 

683.8 

4. 229.  4 

3, 838. 9 

+12. 1 

3,851.0 

48 


Table  46  summarizes  the  heat  measurements  during  this  experiment. 
Table  46. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  No  14. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 
meas- 
ured 
in  terms 

Of  G20. 

(b) 

Change 
ot  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calorim- 
eter, 
6x60. 

(d) 

Correc- 
tion due 

to  tem- 
perature 

of  food 
and 

dishes. 

(e) 
Water  va- 
porized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 

con- 
densed 
in  cham- 
ber. 

(/) 

Heat 
used  in 
vapori- 
zation of 

water, 
exO.592. 

(9) 

Total 
heat 
deter- 
mined. 
a+c+d 
+/■ 

1898. 
Dec.  20-21 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m. to  7p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.  m.tol  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to  7p.m... 
7  p. m.tol  a.m... 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  4  days 

Calories. 
546.0 
.509.9 
444.  3 
328. 3 

Degree. 

+0.06 
+  .05 

00 
-   .05 

Calories. 

+3.6 

+3.0 

0 

+3.0 

Calories. 

-  20.3 

-  43.3 

Grams. 
220.  6 
236.6 

256.  3 
229.  2 

Calorics. 
130.6 
140.1 
151.  7 
135. 7 

Calories. 

659.9 
609.7 
596.0 

467.0 

1,828.5 

+9.6 

-  63.6 

942.  7 

558. 1 

2, 332. 6 

21-22 

466.5 
478.3 
364.4 
271.5 

-  .02 

-  04 

-  .05 

00 

-1.2 

-2.4 

-3.0 

0 

-  24.3 

-  42.3 

221.2 
246.  3 
240. 2 
228.1 

131.0 
145.8 
142.  2 
135. 1 

572. 0 
579.4 
503.6 

406.  6 

1,580.7 

-6.6 

-  66.6 

935.  8 

554.1 

2,061.6 

22-23 

458. 3 
502.  5 
408.9 
297.0 

+  .05 

-  .05 
+  .05 

-  .05 

+3.0 
-3.0 
+3.0 
-3. 0 

-  21.8 

-  37.3 

221.3 

241.0 

267.8 
234.  7 

131.0 
142.  7 
158. 5 
139. 0 

570.  5 
604.9 
570.4 

433.  0 

1,  666.  7 

-   59.1 

964.8 

571.2 

2, 178.  * 

23-24 

.503.  7 
514.6 
403.0 
247.7 

+  .02 
00 

+  .04 
00 

+  1.2 

•      +2.4 
0 

-  25.4 

-  41.4 

233.4 
253.  4 
262.  S 

252. 1 

138.2 
1-50.0 
155. 6 
149.3 

617.7 
623.  2 
561.0 

397.0 

1,669.0 

^3.6 

-  66.8 

1,001.7 

593. 1 

2,198.9 

6,744.9 

-6.  6 

-256. 1 

3,845.0 

2,276.5 

8,771.9 

VJ 


Balana  of  income  <n<<l  <mt<i<>  of  matter  and  energy. — Tables  47-50 
show  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hvclroo-en,  and  enersrv 
in  this  experiment,  and  I  he  average  for  1  days. 

Table  47. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  14- 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Time. 

(a) 

Kb) 

(c) 

Gam 

{e) 

,/ 

(A) 

In  res- 

Gain 

In 

In 

Tn 

In               Tn 

pira- 

-   or 

food. 

feces. 

urine. 

a—  (b 

food. 

urine. 

tory 
prod- 
ucts. 

'-!  /  + 

g+h). 

1898. 

Grams. 

(rnilliS. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

GmtUS. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Dec.  20-21,  7  a.in.toTa. 

m  .. 

15.1 

1\^ 

-4.G 

230.  0 

7.4          14.1 

21-22.7  a.m. to  7  a 

m.. 

15.1 

.  8 

15.9 

-1.6 

239.  0 

7.4          12.0 

203. 1 

+  16.5 

22-23, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a 

m .. 

15.  1 

.9 

15.  2 

-1.0 

239.  0 

7.4          11.4 

20S.  1 

-12.1 

23-24,7  a.m.  to  7  a 

m  .. 

15.  1 

15.0 

-   •" 

239.  0 

7.4          11.2 

209. 1 

-11.3 

Total,  4  days  ... 

60.4 

3.4 

64.  9 

-7.  9 

956.  0 

29.  6          48.  7 

829. 1 

-4\6 

Average,  1  day  . 

15.1 

.9 

16.  2 

—2.0 

239. 0 

7.4         12.2 

,07.3 

+12.1 

Table  48. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  a  ad  hydrogen— 'Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  14. 


Water. 

Time. 

(a)             (6)              (c) 

In  food.    In  drink.   In  feces. 

(d) 

In  res- 
piratory 
In  urine.      prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 

Appar- 
ent loss, 

a+b- 
l  c+d+t ). 

Dec.  20-21.  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

-1-22,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams.       Grams.      Grams. 

1.500             40.0 
652.5            1.500             40.6 
652.5           1,500            40.6 
652.5           1.500             40.6 

Grams.       Grams. 
1,037.3           936.7 
1,416.8          939.8 
1,555.3          972.8 

1,603.1       1.001.7 

Grams. 

-  137.9 

-  244.7 

-  416.2 

23-24, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

-     492. 9 

Total,  4  days 

2. 610.  0           6.  000            102.  4 
652.5           1,500             40.6 

5,612.5       3,851.0     -1,015.9 

1,403.1            902.  S      —     2&4.0 

Hydrogen. 

Time. 

(9) 

In  food. 

(ft)              1  i)              (I) 

Appar- 
In  feces.    In  urine,   ent  gain. 
g—  (h+i). 

(m) 

Loss 
from 
water. 

y+9. 

{n) 

Total 

gain  (+) 

or  loss 

(-), 

l+m. 

1898. 

Dec.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 
36.  2 
30,.  2 
36. 2 

Grams.       Grams. 
1.0               4.1 

Grams. 
31.1 

Grams. 
+  15.3 

-  27.2 

-  46.2 

Grams. 
+  16.  4 

1.0               3.4             31.8 
1.0               3.2             32.0 

+  4.6 

22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7a.  m 

-14.2 

23-24,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1.0                                32.0        -  54.8 

-22.  S 

'total,  4  davs 

144.8 
36.2 

4. 0             13. 9           126. 9 
1.0               3.5             31.7 

-112.9            -11.0 

-  2s.  2  !         +3.5 

13007—  No.  109— Mi'- 


50 


Table  49. — Gain  or  loss  of. protein  (NX6.25),  fat,  and  water- 
No.  14. 


Metabolism  experiment 


Time. 

(a) 

Nitro- 
gen 
gained 
(+)  or 

(&) 

Protein 
gained 

|  -  |  or 

a    6.25. 

Grams. 
—28.  7 
-10.0 

-  6.3 

-  4.4 

(c) 

Total 

carbon 

gained 

(+)or 

lost    -). 

Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-), 
6x0.53. 

(e) 

Carbon 

in  fat, 

etc., 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  1    -  1, 

c—d. 

CO 

Fat 

gained 
(  +  )or 

e-h  0.765. 

1898. 
Dec.  20-21.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 

-4.6 
-1.6 
-1.0 

Grants. 
-  8.7 
+16.5 
-12.] 
-11.3 

Grains. 

-15.2 

-  5.3 

-  3.3 

-  2.3 

(rrams. 
+23.9 
-21.8 

v  +15.4 
+  13.6 

Crams. 
+31.2 
H  28  5 

22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

+20  1 

23-24.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

+  17.8 

Total.  4  daya 

-7.9 
-2.0 

-49.  4 

-12.4 

-48.6 
-12.1 

-26. 1 
-  6.5 

+74.7 
+18.6 

+97  6 

+24.4 

Time. 


(9) 


(A) 


(0 

Tntal         Hydrogen  I  Hydrogen 
in  protein        in  fat 
gained  (  +  )  gained  (  +) 


hvdrogen 

SlosU-^^^tC-),  orlost( 
6x0.07.         /+0.12 


1898.  Grams. 

Dec.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m +46. 4 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in +  4. 6 

22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m -14. 2 

23-24,  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m -  22. 8 

Total.  4  days +14. 0 

Average,  1  day +  3. 5 


Gram*. 
-2.0 


Grams. 
+  3.8 
+  3.4 
+  2.4 
+  2.1 


-3.4 

-  .8 


+  11.7 
+  2.9 


(*) 
Hyrogen 
in  water, 

etc., 
gained  (  +  ) 
or  lost  (  — ), 
0-ih  +  i). 


Grams. 

+44.6 
+  1.9 
-16.2 
-24.6 


(0 

Water 

gained  ( + ) 

or  lost  (-), 

fcx9. 


Grams. 
+401 
+  17 
-146 
-221 


+  51 
+  13 


Table  50. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  14. 


Time. 


(a) 


Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
food 
eaten. 


1898. 
Dec.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m 

23-24,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m 



Total.  4  days 10. 052 

Average,  1  day 2.  513 


Calo- 
ries. 

2.  513 

2,  513 

2,  513 

2,  513 


(6) 

(c) 

Heat 

Heat 

of 

of 

com- 

com- 

bus- 

bus- 

tion of 

tion  of 

feces. 

urine. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

ries. 

ries. 

82 

164 

82 

140 

82 

133 

82 

131 

328 

568 

82 

142 

(d) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
pro- 
tein 
gained 
(+)  or 
lost 


(e) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 

fat 

gained 

(  +  )  or 

lost 

(-)• 


Cain-  Calo- 
ries, ries. 

-165  +293 

-  58  +268 

-  36  +189 

-  25  I     +167 


-284 
-  71 


+917 
+229 


(!) 

Esti- 
mated 

energy 
of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the 
body, 
a- (6  + 
c+d 
+e). 


(9) 


Heat 
deter- 
mined 


Calo- 
ru  s. 

2,139 

2,081 

2. 145 
2, 158 


8,523 
2.131 


Calo- 
ries. 

2,333 

2,061 

2, 179 

2,199 


(A) 

Heat 

deter- 
mined 
great- 
er (+) 
or  less 

<-) 
than 

esti- 
mated, 
P-f- 


Calo- 
ries. 

+194 

-  20 

+  34 

+  41 


s,  772        +249 
2,193       +  62 


(0 

Heat 

deter- 
mined 
great- 
er (+) 
or  less 

(-) 
than 
esti- 
mated, 
h+f. 


Per 
cent. 

+9.1 

-1.0 

+  1.6 

-1.9 


+2.9 


51 

METABOLISM   EXPERIMENT    NO.   21. 

Subject. — A.  W.  S..  a  physicist,  who  served  as  the  subject  of  experi- 
ment No.  4.  made  before  the  respiration  apparatus  had  been  perfected 
as  a  calorimeter.8  He  was  25  years  of  ao-e  and  averaged  about  70 
kilograms  (154  pounds)  in  weight. 

Occupation  during  eosperiment. — Heading,  writing,  etc..  with  as  little 
muscular  activity  as  practicable. 

Duration. — Three  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.  February  12,  1899. 

Diet. — The  diet  consisted  of  beef,  butter,  whole  milk,  bread,  parched 
cereal,  and  sugar,  and  furnished  97  grams  of  protein  and  2.26i  calories 
of  energy  per  day.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  at  each 
meal  and  the  quantities  of  drink  at  different  periods  of  the  day  were 
as  follows: 

Table  51. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  21. 
FOOD. 


Food  materials. 


Breakfast.    Dinner.      Supper.      Total. 


Beef  

Butter 

Milk,  whole.... 

Bread 

Parched  cereal . 
Sugar  


Grams. 

Gi 

ams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

55 

105 

160 

10 

13 

30 

250 

175 

325 

750 

55 

100 

155 

310 

30 

30 

45 

45 

DRINK. 


Time. 

Water. 

Time. 

Water. 

Breakfast  . . . 
10.00  a.  m  ... 

Grams. 

300 

1           200 

Supper '. 

10.30  p.  m 

Total  for  dav 

Grams. 

300 
200 

;            300 

200 

Dinner 

1.  500 

3.30 

The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  is  indicated  in  the  following 
schedule.  The  statistics  of  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  are  sum- 
marized in  Table  53.  below: 

Table  52. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  21. 


7.00  a.  m 

7.45  a.m 

1.00  p.  m 


Rise,    pass    urine,    weigh      self  1.15  p.  m 

stripped    and  dressed,    weigh  6.00  p. m 

absorbers.  7.00  p.  m 

Breakfast,  drink  200  grams  10.30  p.m... 
water. 

Pass  urine. 


. .    Dinner. 

. .    supper. 

. .    Pass  urine. 

. .    Pass   urine,    weigh   self  stripped, 

take    cap    off    food     aperture, 

retire. 


U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44,  p.  51. 


52 


Table 


53. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  21. 


Weight  of 
subject 
without 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Hygrometer  readings. 

Time. 

per  min- 
ute. 

Dry  bulb. 

Wet  bulb. 

1899. 
Feb.  12,    7.00  a.  m                   

Kilograms. 

69.  48 

70 

°F. 

97.8 

19.80 
19.90 
19.70 
19.75 
20.  00 
19.80 
19.70 
19.80 
20.00 
19.  65 
19.80 
19.70 
20. 30 

°a 

15.15 

12.43  p.  m 

15. 20 

15.40 

10.00  p.  m                         

69.80 
69.35 

64 
74 

97.1 
97.5 

15  00 

Feb.  13,    7.00  a.  m 

14  90 

12.45  p.  m 

15. 30 

6.50  p.  m 

15. 10 

10.05  p.  m 

69.84 
69.34 

61 
70 

97.1 
97.0 

15.  40 

Feb.  14,    7.00  a.  m 

15.00 

12.45  p.  m 

15.  50 

7.25  p.  m 

15.80 

10.00  p.  m 

69.43 
69. 05 

67 

72 

98.0 
97.4 

15  80 

Feb.  15,    7.00  a.  ra 

15.70 

Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  usual  statistics  of  income 
and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy  are  shown  in  Tables  54-61,  which 
follow. 

Experiments  not  reported  here,  covering  10  consecutive  days,  pre- 
ceded experiment  No.  21.  During  this  time  the  bowels  were  slightly 
lax.  This  prevented  separation  of  the  feces  for  the  preliminary 
days  from  those  for  experiment  No.  21.  The  total  feces  for  13 
da}^s  are  therefore  recorded,  as  well  as  the  average  per  day  for  this 
experiment. 

Table  54. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ment Xo.  21. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 

No. 

Food  materials. 

Weight 
per 

day. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Car- 
Fat.    |  bohy- 
drates. 

Xitro-       Car- 
gen,       bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 

com- 
bustion. 

3022 

Beef 

Gr<t  ins. 
160 
30 
750 
310 
30 
45 

Grams. 
106.7 

2.6 
649.5 
129.3 

1.8 

Grams. 

44.6 

.4 

24.0 

24.  5 

3.4 

Grants.    Grams. 

4.2    

26.3    

33.0         37.5 

8.7  ;     143.5 

24. 1 

45. 0 

Grams. 
7.14 

.06 
3.83 
3.94 

.55 



Gh'ams. 
26.51 
19.87 
52. 72 
84.72 
12.42 
18.  95 

Grams. 
4.06 
3.16 
7.05 
12.  74 
1.85 
2.92 

Calories. 
292 

3020 

Butter 

245 

3024 
2968 

Milk,  whole 

687 

840 

3004 

Cereal,  parched  .. 

122 
178 

Total 

1,325 

889.9 

96.9 

72.  4       250. 1 

15.  52 

215. 19 

31.78 

2, 264 

53 

Table  55. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experi- 
ment No.  ji. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


Weight  i 

of         Water. 

tree-. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Car- 
bohy- 
drates. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Grams. 


Grams.    Grams.    (Trams.    Grams.    Grams.    Grams. 
3083     Total.  13  days-...        831.7       COS.  8         84.0         52.4         52.4       13.47     116.  i 
Average.  1  day...         03.9         40.4  (5.5  4.0  4.0         1.04         8.98 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Heat  of 

com- 
bustion. 


Grams.    Calories. 
16.13  1,307 


1.24 


100 


a  This  period  includes  the  3  days  of  the  experiment  and  10  days  of  a  preliminary  experiment  not 
reported  herewith. 

The  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  during  this  experiment  is 
summarized  in  Table  56,  which  also  gives  the  details  of  the*  total 
amount  of  urine  and  its  nitrogen  content  in  each  6-hour  period.  The 
daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  the  urine 
is  shown  in  Table  57. 

Table  56. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  she-hour  periods — Metab- 
olism experiment  No.  21. 


Date. 


Period. 


SSES.    S3*.     N'trogen  content 


Feb.   12-13 


13-14 


14-15 


12-14 
12-14 


7  a.m. to  1  p. m 
1  p.m.  to  I  p.m 
7  p.  m.  tol  a.m 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 


Grants. 
435.  7 
806.8  j 
224.  0 
214.4 


Total 1, 680. 9 

Total  by  c<  imposite 1,68 1.  9 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 588. 9 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 536.  8 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m 398.9 


1  a.m. to  /  a.m 


223.5 


Total 1. 748. 1 


Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  in 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

Total.  3  days,  by  periods 
Total  by  composite 


1,748.1 


037.  5 
656.  6 
441.5 
229.  7 


,  394.  3 


Percent.      Grams. 


1.015 

1.009 
1.015 
1.017 


1.015 


1.010 
1.  012 
1.009 

1.025 


1.013 


0.93 
.58 
.91 

1.74 


.94 


4.05 
4.68 

2.04 
3.73 


14.-50 
14.62 


1.015 

.86 

5.06 

1.014 

.87 

4.67 

1.010 

.  62 

2.42 

1.020 

1.79 

4.00 

16.15 
16.43 


4.27 
4.86 
2.43 
3.88 


1,905.3  . 

15.44 

1, 965.  3 

1.  012 

.79 

15.  53 

5,394.3  . 

46.09 

54 


Table  57. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiment  No.  21. 


Date. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Heat  of  combus- 
tion. 

Per 

grain. 

Total. 

1899. 
Feb. 12-13 

Grams. 
1, 680. 9 
1,748.1 
1,965.3 

P.ct. 

Gram*. 
10.18 
11.34 
10. 85 

P.ct. 

Grams.    P.ct. 

2.89    

3.21    

3.07    

Grnms. 
1,628.3 
1,689.5 
1.909.3 

Calorie. 

Calories. 
119 

13-14 

132 

14-15 

127 

Total,  3  days 

5.  394.  3  '  0.  60       32.  37     0. 17         9. 17      96.  9 

5,  227. 1 

0.070 

378 

The  details  of  the  measurements  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the 
ventilating  air  current  are  shown  in  Tables  58-60,  which  follow. 

Table  58. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiment  Xo.  21. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 

amount 

in 
chamber. 

Gain(  +  ) 

or 
loss  (-) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

Gain(  +  ) 

or 
loss  (  — ) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 

Change 

in 
weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers, 
gain(  +  ) 

or 
1—      ,. 

Total 
amount 

gained 

(  +  )or 
lost(-) 

during 
the 

period. 

1899. 
Feb    12-13 

Grams. 
32.7 
37.4 
42.5 
29.1 
27.4 

Grams. 

Grams. 

38.1 
38.6 
40.3 
38.6 
35.0 

Grams. 

Grams. 

<irams. 

1  p.  m 



+  4.7 
+  5.1 
-13.4 
-   1.7 

-  .5 

+  1.7 

-  1.7 

-  3.6 

+     .5 

7  p.m 

+  1.7 

1  a.  m 

-  1.7 

-  3.  6 

Total 

-  5.3 

-  3.1 

-31 



13  14 

38.5 
45.8 
33.  9 
28.7 

+  11.1 
+  7.3 
-11.9 
-  5.2 

41.6 
43.3 
41.0 
35.0 

-  6.6 

+  1.7 

-  2.3 

-  6.0 

-1 
-1 

-+-  5.6 

+     .7 

-  2.3 

-  6.0 

Total 

+  1.3 

0 

—  2 

-2.0 

lp.m 

14-15 

46.  7 
44.0 
29.3 
25.7 

+  18.0 

-  2.7 
-14.7 

-  3.6 

45.0 
44.9 
41.6 
35.7 

+10.0 

-  .1 

-  3.3 

-  5.9 

-1 

+  11.0 

-     .1 

1  a.  m 

-  3.3 

-  5.9 

Total 

—  3.0 

+     .7 

+  1 

+  1.7 

55 


Table  59. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

No.  21. 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventila- 
tion 
i  number 

of  liters 

of  air  i. 

Liters. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

(h) 

Date. 

In  incoming 
air. 

In  out- 
going 

air. 

(0 
Total 
excess 
in  outgo- 
ing air, 
d-c. 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
"ham  her 

Corrected 

amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 

Total 
weight 

(b) 
Per 

liter. 

Total. 
a  x  b. 

of  car- 
bon ex- 
haled. 

1899. 

Mgs. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Feb.  12-13 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

26, 528 

0.  580 

15.4 

239. 3 

223. 9 

+  4.7 

228 

62.  3 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

26,  COS 

.595 

15.8 

239.  7 

223.  9 

+  5. 1 

229.  0 

G2.  5 

7  p.  m.  to  la.  m.. 

27,  896 

.574 

10.0 

214.9 

198.  9 

-13.4 

185.  5 

50.  6 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 
Total 

28,031 

.  554 

15.5 

163. 2 

147.7 

-  1.7 

140.  0 

■ 

109. 003 



02.  7 

..  . 

857.1 

794.4 

-  5.3 

789. 1 

215.2 

7  a.m.  to  1p.m.. 

13-14 

26, 505 

.  509 

15.1 

243.2 

228. 1 

+11.1 

239. 2 

05.2 

1  p.m.  to7p.m.. 

26, 079 

.589 

15.3 

223.  2 

207.  9 

-    7.  3 

215.2 

58.  7 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.. 

28,  410 

1. 040 

29.  7 

243.  2 

213.  5 

-11.9 

201.0 

55.0 

1  a.m.  to  7a.m.. 
Total 

28,070 

2.  430 

204.3 

130. 1 

—  ."•)  2 

130. 9 

35.7 

109.004    

128.  3 

913.  9 

785.  6 

-  1.8 

786.  9 

214.  6 

7  a.m.  to  1p.m.. 

14-15 

20.  052 

.  608 

10. 2 

246.9 

230.7 

4-18.0 

248.  7 

07.  8 

1  p.m.  to 7 p.  m.. 

26,  204 

.000 

15.7 

241.  7 

220.  0 

—   2.  7 

223.3 

60. 9 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.. 

27.251 

.579 

15.  8 

232.  9 

217. 1 

-14.7 

202.  4 

55. 2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 
Total 

27.  875 

.  629 

17.5 

102.  7 

145.  2 

-  3.0 

141.0 

38.  6 

107, 9S2 

65.  2 

884.2 

819.  0 

-   3.0 

816.0 

222.  5 

Total,  3  days.. 

320, 109 

256.  2 

2,655.  2 

2.399.0 

-  7.0 

2, 392. 0 

052.  3 

Table  60. — Record  of  water  in  rent  Hat  ing  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  .'I. 


a  i 


Water  in  in-       Water    in    outgoing 
coming  air.  air. 


Iff)  {h) 


s E 

—  t- 

(b) 

(C) 

(d) 

(0 

(/) 

|«i, 

?  — 

Date. 

Period. 

~^ 

=  .E 

£-   /_ 

j.  - 

*-  ic 

c^- 

-     X 

c 

X 

s%l 

EG    - 
-    N 

|  . 

OB 

Hi 

1^ 

~ 

If* 

■3 

—  3 

Hi 

> 

- 

— 

"■ 

*^ 

~ 

— 

u 

— 

1899. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Feb.  12-13 

7  a.m.  to  1p.m.. 

- 

0.  740 

19.6 

194.5 

34.8 

229.  3 

209.  7 

-  0.5 

210.  2 

1p.m.  to 7 p.m.. 

20, 0OS 

.750 

20. 1 

193.0 

36.  8 

229.  8 

209.  7 

-  1.7 

211.4 

7  p.m.  to  1a.m.. 

27.  890 

.  758 

21.2 

188.0 

43.7 

231.7 

210.  5 

-  1.7 

-   -   - 

1  a.m.  to 7 a.m.. 
Total 

28,  031 

.721 

20.  2 

179.  9 

34.8 

214.  7 

194.5 

-  3.6 

190.9 

109. 003 

81.1 

755.  4 

150. 1 

905.  5 

824.4 

-  3.1 

821.3 

13-14 


14-15 


7  a.  m.  to  lp.m.. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 
7  p.m.  to la.m.. 
1  a.m.  to 7a.m.. 

Total 


26, 505  .  739 

26,  079  .  740 

28,  410  .  775 

28.070  .848 


19.6  195.9  30.1  232.0  212.4 

19.5  198.4  33.s  232.2  212.7  I  +     .7 

22.0  208.9  43.0  252.5  230.  ■'> 

23.8  192.7  35.9  228.6  201.8  1-6.0 


218.0 

213.  4 
22  x  2 
198.  8 


7  a.  m.  to  lp.m.. 
1  p.m.  to 7 p.m.. 
7  p.m.  tol  a.m.. 
1  a.m.  to  7a.m., 


109, 004 

84.9 

705.  0 

149.4 

945.  3 

860.4 

-  2.0 

R58.4 

20.  052 

.  707 

21.3 

199. 5 

35.6 

235. 1 

213.  v 

-11.0 

224.  8 

20. 204 

- 

21.1 

213.  9 

34.9 

248.  8 

227.  7 

-     .1 

227.  0 

27, 251 

.  766 

20.9 

219.  3 

40.9 

200.  2 

239.  3 

-  3.3 

236.  0 

27,  B75 

.754 

21.0 

200.8 

35.  3 

230. 1 

215. 1 

-5.9 

209.  2 

|107,982 


Total 

Total,  3  days..  326,109 


84.  3       833.  5 


2.50.3   2.384.8       446.2    2,831.0    2,580.7 


3.  4      2.  577.  3 


56 

Table  61  shows  the  amount  of  heat  carried  away  in  the  water  cur- 
rent and  in  the  water  vapor  in  successive  0-hour  periods. 

Table  61. — Summary  of  calorirnetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  21. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(<*) 

W  ater  va- 
porized 

(/) 

(</) 

Date. 

Period. 

Heat 
measure 
in  terms 

of  C20. 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 

of  calo- 
rimeter. 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calorim- 
eter, 
6x60. 

Correc- 
tion due 

to  tem- 
perature 

of  food 
and 

dishes. 

equals 

total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 

con- 
densed in 
chamber. 

Heat 
used  in 
vaporiza- 
tion of 

water. 
ex  0.592. 

Total 
heat  de- 
termined, 
a-\-c+ 
d+f. 

1899. 

Calories. 

Degree. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Grams. 

( 'alorii  s. 

Calories. 

Feb.    12-13 

7  a. 

m.  to  1  p 

m.. 

531.5 

+0. 02 

+1.2 

+12.7 

210.2 

124.4 

669. 8 

IP 

m.  to  7  p 

m.. 

495. 2 

-     .02 

-1.2 

+  9.7 

211.4 

125.  2 

628.  9 

7p 

m.  to  1  a. 

m.. 

427.  3 

+  .01 

+  .6 

208.8 

123.  6 

la. 

7  a. 
lp. 

m.  to  7  a. 

Total... 

m.  to  1  p. 
rn.  to  7  p. 

m.. 
m.. 

264.8 

-  .03 

-1.8 

190.9 

113.0 

376.0 

1,718.8 

-   .02 

-1.2 

+22.4 

821.3 

486. 2 

2.  226.  2 

13-11 

534.9 
473.  2 

+  8.8 
+  8.1 

219.0 
214.4 

129.  7 
126.9 

673.  4 

+   .02 

-1.2 

609.  4 

7  p. 

m.  to  1  a. 

m.. 

427.  7 

-  .01 

-  .6 

22  s.  2 

135. 1 

562.  2 

1  a. 

7  a. 

m.  to  7  a. 

Total... 
m.  to  1  p. 

m.. 
.... 
m.. 

301.6 

-   .03 

-1.8 

198.8 

117.7 

417.5 

1,737.4 

-  .02 

-1.2 

+  16.9 

860.4 

509.  4 

2,262.5 

14-15 

583.4 

-   .03 

-1.8 

+  4.7 

223.  8 

132.5 

718.8 

lp. 

m.  to  7  p. 

m.. 

493.7 

+  .06 

+3.6 

+  9.1 

227.  6 

134.7 

641.1 

7  P- 

m.  to  1  a. 

m... 

426.  7 

-   .01 

-  .6 

236.0 

139.  7 

565.  B 

la. 

m.  to  7 a.m.. 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

297.7 

+  .01 

+  .6 

209.2 

123.  9 

422.2 

1,801.5 

4-  .03 

+1.8 

+13.8 

896.6 

530.  8 

2.  347.  9 

5,257.7    

-  .6 

+53.1 

2,  578.  3 

1.526.4 

6,  836. 6 

Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — The  income 
and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  are  shown  in 
Tables  62-65. 

In  earlier  experiments  it  was  assumed  that  body  fat  contained  76.5 
per  cent  carbon  and  12  per  cent  hydrogen,  with  a  heat  of  combustion 
of  9.5  calories  per  gram.  Late  determinations  of  the  composition  and 
heat  of  combustion  of  body  fat  by  Benedict  and  Osterberga  essentially 
confirm  these  factors,  showing  76.1  per  cent  carbon.  11.8  per  cent 
hydrogen,  and  9.54  calories  per  gram.  These  latter  factors  have  been 
used  in  the  computations  of  results  of  all  experiments  including  and 
subsequent  to  No.  21.  This  change  in  factor,  however,  makes  ex- 
tremely little  difference  in  the  final  results,  so  that  it  has  not  been 
thought  best  to  recalculate  those  for  experiments  preceding  Xo.  21 
according  to  the  new  factors. 


Amer.  Jour.  Physiol.,  4  (1900),  p.  74. 


57 


Table  62. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  21. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon 

(a) 

(b) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

(9) 

(*) 

(ft) 

Time. 

Gain 
(  +  ) 

In  re- 

Gain 

In 

In 

In 

or  loss 

In 

In 

In 

11  §1 

or  losa 

food. 

feces. 

urine. 

food. 

feces. 

urine. 

(-), 

a-(fi+ 

-(f+g 

1899. 

Gms. 

GlIIS. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

<ims. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Feb.  12-13, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

15.  5 

1.0 

11.5 

0 

215.  2 

9.0 

10.2 

215.2 

-19.2 

13-14.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

15  5 

1.1 

16.  2 

-1.8 

215.  2 

9.0 

11.3 

214.6 : 

-19.7 

14-15. 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

15.  5 

1.0 

15.4 

—  .9 

215.  -2 

9.0 

10.9 

222.5  i 

—  27.  2 

Total,  3  days 

46.5 

3.1 

46.1 

-2.7 

645.  6 

27.0 

32.4 

652.3 

-66.1 

Average.  1  day 

15.  5 

1.0 

15.  4 

-   .9 

215.  2 

9.0 

10.8 

217.4 

-22.0 

Table  63. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen- — Metabolism  experiment  Xo.  21. 


Water. 


Time. 


(a) 
In  food. 


(6) 


(c) 


(d)  (e) 


In  respira- 
In  drink.      In  feces.     In  urine.         tory 

products. 


(/) 
Apparent 

lOSS, 

o+6— (c+ 
d+e). 


1899. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Feb.  12-13, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

889. 9 

1, 385. 4 

46.4 

1,628.3 

821. 3 

-     220. 7 

13-14, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

889. 9 

1, 383. 8 

46.  4 

1,689.5 

858.4 

-     320.6 

14-15,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

889.  9 

1,  384.  9 

46.4 

1,  909. 3 

897.6 

-     578.5 

Total,  3  days 

2.  669.  7 

4. 154. 1 

139.2 

5.227.1 

2.  577.  3 

-1,119.8 

Average,  1  day 

.. 

1,384.7 

46.  4 

1,742.4 

859. 1 

-     373.3 

Hydrogen. 

Time. 

(SO              W 
In  food.    In  feces. 

V)                  (I)                  (m) 

Apparent     Loss  from 
In  urine.         gain.            water, 
g-(h+i).         /-=-9. 

Total 
gain  ( + )  or 

loss  (-), 
l-m. 

1899. 

Feb.  12-13. 7  a. m. to  7  a.m 

13-14,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

14-15, 7  a. m. to  "a.m 

Grams.       Grams. 
31.8               1.2 
31.8              1.3 
31.8               1.2 

Grams.           Grams.           Grams. 
2.9              +27.7            -  21.5 
3.2             +27.3           -  35.6 
3.1             +27.5           -  64.3 

Grams. 
+  3.2 
-  8.3 
-36.8 

Total,  3  davs 

95.4               3.7                   9-2              +82.5            —  V'4.4                —41.9 

31.8  !            1.2 

3.1              +27.5            -  41.5                -14.0 

Table  64. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein    (XX6.25) ,  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  21.  * 


Time. 


(«) 

Nitrogen 
gained 
(+)  or 

lost  (-). 


(6) 

Protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-), 
ax  6. 25. 


1899.  Grams. 

Feb.  12-13, 7  a. m.  to  7  a. m 0 

13-14.7  a.m.  to  7  a.m -1.8 

14-15,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m —  .9 

Total,  3  days -2.7 

Average,  1  day —  .9 


Grams. 
0 
-11.3 
-  5.6 


(c)  (d) 


Total 

carbon 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost(-). 


drams. 
-19. 2 
-19.7 
-27.2 


Carbon  in 
protein 
gained 
(+)or 
lost(-), 
6x0.53. 


(e) 
Carbon 
it  fat. 

etc. 
gained 
(  +  )  or 

- 

c-d. 


Grams. 
0 
-6.0 
-3.0 


Gi  ams. 
-19.2 
-13.7 
-24.2 


(/) 

Fat 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 

e^0.761. 


Grams. 
-25. 1 
-17.9 
-31.6 


-16.9 
5.6 


-66.1 
-22.  0 


-9.0 
-3.0 


57.1 
19.0 


-74.6 
-24.  9 


58 

Table  64. — Grain  or  loss  of  protein  {  .V  ■  '.  and  water — Metabolism  experiment 

?1 — Continued. 


Time. 


1899. 
Fel>.  12-18,7  a.  m.  to?  a.  in. 
18-14,7  a  in.  to  7  ii.in 
14-16,  7  a.  in.  t<»  7  a.  in 


-  Total,  :'■  daya  .. 
Average,  l  day. 


Total 
hydrogen 

1,-1 


IlY.lt 


drums. 

- 


rogen 
in  pro- 
tein gained 

b    0.07. 


drams. 


i/.-, 

Hydrogen  Hydrogen 
in  fat  in  water, 
gained      etc.,  gained 

•     ..i-  (+   |OJ 

lOSi    i        '.  lOSi 

fx  0.118.     g-(h+%) 


11.9 

11. ii 


Oram*. 
-3.0 
2.2 


Grams. 
+  6. 


Water 
gained 

/.■    9. 


(•rums. 
+  56 
-  48 


1.2 


-9.0 
3.0 


31.7 
-10.6 


Table  65. — Income  <<»<]  <>ut<ji>o)  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  .i. 


Tim*-. 

Heat  of 

COm- 
bustion 
,,i  food 

eaten. 

(b) 

Heal  -i 
com- 
bustion 
of  feces. 

(c)          (d)          (e) 

Heatof  h(V>,n      beatof 
com-    bustion  ,  coJ?" 

tag.    „,,            bgg. 

arlne.   ,.„,,„,,  gained 

ftit-  (ft 

(-)•             (_)- 

Esti- 
mated 

of  ma- 
teria] 

oxi- 
dized in 
the 

body, 

c+d 
+e). 

Heal 
deter- 
mined 

(A) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
great- 

than 
esti- 
mated 

£/-/• 

(0 
Heat 

deter- 
mined 
great- 
er (+) 
or  less 

than 

mated 

1899. 

Feb.12-13,7  a.m.t<>  7  a.  in 

13-14,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

14-15,9  a.m.  t<»  7  a.m 

Calo- 
ries. 

2,264 

2,264 

2,264 

( 'alo- 

ri(  s. 
100 
100 
100 

Goto-      Goto-      Gafo- 

/■/'.<.          nV.v.          ;•/>.-■. 
119               0        -236 
132        -  65        -1G8 
127        -  32       -297 

Calo- 
ries. 

2,281 

2,265 

2,866 

Calo- 
ries. 

2,226 

2,263 

2,348 

Calo. 

rit  s. 

-  55 

-  2 

-  18 

/'.  rt. 
-2.4 

-  .1 

-  .7 

Total,:',  daya 

6,  792 
2,264 

300          378       -  97       -701       6,912 
l(i(i             TV,         -   39        —234        2.304 

6,837 

2.  279 

-  75 

-  25 

Average,  l  day 

-1.1 

METABOLISM  EXPERIMENTS  NOS.   23  AND  24. 

These  experiments  were  consecutive  and  form  the  hist  of  the  experi- 
ments of  L898-99. 

Subject. — E.  O.,  as  in  experiments  Nos.  11,  13,  and  L4,  described 
above. 

Occupation  during  experimsiit. — Reading,  writing,  etc.,  with  as  little 
muscular  and  mental  activity  as  practicable. 

Duration.  -Three  days  each.  Experiment  No.  %2?>  began  at  7  a.  m., 
March  It;,  and  ended  at  7  a.  in..  March  19,  at  which  time  experiment 
No.  24  began  and  continued  3  days.  An  experiment  not  here  re- 
volted immediately  preceded  experiment  No.  23,  so  that  the  subject 
actually  spent  9  days  in  the  respiration  calorimeter.  The  usual  pre- 
liminary period  preceded  the  whole  series  of  experiments. 

Diet.-  The  diet  consisted  of  a  basal  ration  of  beef,  butter,  milk, 
bread,  parched  cereal,  sugar,  and  horseradish,  furnishing  124  grams 
of  protein  and  2,546  calories  of  energy  per  day.     This  basal  ration 


59 

was  consumed  alone  In  experiment  No.  23,  hut  was  Increased  by  a 
supplemental  ration  of  L30  grams  of  sugar  per  day  in  experiment 
No.  24.  The  kinds  and  quantities  pf  food  served  at  each  meal,  and 
of  drink  at  different  periods  of  the  day  arc  given  in  Tattle  66. 

Table  <><>.  —  Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  ?S  and  ?4> 

FOOD— BASAL  KM  [ON 


Pood  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 
Grams. 

Total. 

Beef                                

Grams, 

75 
15 

350 
55 
15 

40 

(i  nuns. 

75 

20 

390 

100 

Grams. 

i  •<< 

Butter                  

20 
390 
155 

55 

Milk  skimmed 

1,130 

Bread                                   

310 

15 

40 

30 

•  Used  with  coffee  infusion. 

chiefly  with  breakfast  and  dinner  for  relish. 


POOD— SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION. 


Metabolism  experiment  No.  24 


.Sugar,  130  grams. 


duixk. 


Time. 


Breakfast 
10.30 a.  in 

Dinner. . . 
2.30  p.m.. 


Coffee 

infusion. 


Water. 


Time. 


Grams.      Grams. 

260    Supper  .. 

200      11.00p.m. 


260 


Total  for  day 


200 


Coffee 

infusion. 


Water. 


Grams.      Grams. 

260    

200 


'780 


■  coo 


•  The  subject  did  not  always  drink  the  full  schedule  allowance  of  coffee  and  of  water.     The  actual 
amount  of  water  consumed  each  day  is  shown  in  the  second  column  of  Tab 

The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  is  shown  by  the  following 
schedule.  Table  68  summarizes  the  main  statistics  of  the  diary  kept 
by  the  subject  during  this  series  of  experiments. 

Table  67. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  28  and  ?4> 


7.00  a.  m 

Rise,     pass     urine. 

3  30  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

weigh  aba  ■■ 

6.30  p.  m 

Supper 

7.45  a.  in 

Breakfast. 

7. on  p    m 

Pass  urine. 

10.30  a.  m 

Drink  200 grama  water. 

11.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water,  take  cap 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine. 

of!  food  aperture,  retire. 

1.30  p.  m 

Dinner. 

60 


Table  68. — Summary  of  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  23  and  ,?4. 


Weight  of 
subject 
without 
clothes. 

Pulse  rate 
per  minute. 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Hygrometer  readings. 

Time. 

Dry  bulb. 

Wet  bulb. 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Mar.  16,  7.00  a.  m 

Kilograms, 

72. 89 

56 
76 

65 
58 
70 
66 
56 
66 
66 

60 
64 
69 
58 
73 
71 
56 
69 
70 
60 

°F. 
97.0 
98.9 
98.4 
97.0 
98.0 
98.0 
96.8 
97.6 
98.3 

96.9 
98.5 
98.8 
97.0 
99.0 
99.0 
96.6 
99.'2 
99.4 
97.8 

°C. 

20.2 
20.0 
20.4 
20.4 
20.0 
20.2 
20.3 
20.  2 
20.1 

20.2 
19.8 
20.  2 
20.0 
20.2 
20.4 
20.  2 
20.  2 
20.6 
20.  8 

°C. 
15  3 

3.30  p.  m 

15.4 

10.45  a.  m 

16.0 

Mar.  17.  7.00  a.  m 

72.  67 

15. 1 

3.30  p.  m 

15.2 

10.50  p.  m 

15.4 

Mar.  18,  7.00  a.  m 

72.  70 

14.6 

3.40  p.  m 

15.0 

10.50  p.  m 

15.  2 

Experiment  No.  2h. 
Mar.  19,  7.00  a.  m 

72.68 

14.6 

3.30  p.  m 

14.6 

10.50  p.  m  . . 

15.0 

Mar.  20,  7.00  a.  m 

72.  70 

14.8 

4.00  p.  m 

10.50  p.  m 

15.4 

is  6 

Mar.  21,  7.00  a.  rn 

72.,: 

15.0 

3.50  p.  m 

15.2 

10.00  p.  m 

Mar.  22,  7.00  a.  m 



72.  90 

lC.il 
16.8 

Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  kinds  and  amounts  of 
different  food  materials  and  nutrients  in  the  daily  diet  are  shown  in 
Table  69.  An  experiment  not  reported  here  preceded  No.  23.  No 
separation  of  the  feces  was  made  between  that  experiment  and  No.  23, 
but  it  was  assumed  that  the  undigested  material  and  the  metabolic 
products  would  not  be  essentially  different  in  the  two  experiments. 
Charcoal  was  taken  with  supper  March  18  and  with  breakfast  March 
22  in  order  to  mark  the  feces  from  the  diet  during  experiment  No.  24, 
which  began  with  breakfast  March  19  and  ended  with  supper  March 
21.  Table  70  shows  the  amount  and  composition  of  the  feces  during 
the  experiments. 


61 


Table  69.  —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  28  and  24- 


Lab- 

t°0r^     Food  materials 
No. 


Weieht 

per  day. 


Water. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


3029 
3031 
3032 
3004 

3069 


Basal  ration. 

Beef 

Butter 

Skimmed  milk.. 
Bread 

Parched  cereal.. 
Sugar 

Horse-radish 


Grains. 

150 

55 

1,130 

310 
45 
40 
30 


Grams. 

84.9 

5.2 

1,025.0 

125.  2 
2.7 


Grams. 

52.3 

.6 

40.7 

24.  5 

5.1 


Grams. 

9.  2 
47.7 

1.1 

10.5 

.3 


Carbo- 
drates. 


Nitro- 


Total  ration  1 
day.  experi- 
ment No.  23.  .. 

Supplemental  ra- 
tion. 

Rock  candy 

Total  ration  1  | 
day,  experi- 
ment No.  24.  . . 


26i>.* 


130 


...1,269.8 


123.0 


68.8 


68.  S 


Grams. 


54.2 
145.  7 
36.2 
40.0 

2.  5 


Grams. 

Grams 

s.  38 

35.  35 

.09 

38. 03 

6.  55 

46.  44 

3.94 

86.95 

.82 

18.63 

16.84 

.06 

2.70 

Car-     Hydro- 
bon.       gen. 


Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 


27s.o 


130. 0 


408.6 


19.84    244.94 


54.  72 


19.84    299.60 


Grams, 

5.05 

5.  79 
6.67 

12.  34 

2.  78 

2.  59 

.18 


Calories. 

395 
441 
462 
896 
183 
158 
11 


35.40 


43.82 


2.540 


515 


3.001 


Table  70. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  expert 

ments  Nos.  23  mid  24. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


Weight 
of 

feces. 


Water. 


Pro- 


Carbo- 
Fat.         hy- 
drates. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Hvdro- 


Heat  of 


combus- 
gen-         tion. 


3035 


3036 


Experiment  Xo.  23. 

Total,  6  days 

Average,  1  day... 

Experiment  Xo.  2U. 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day... 


Grams. 

425.  7 
70.  9 


Grams. 

295. 0 

49.2 


Grams. 

42.1 

7.0 


Grams.    (Trams. 

22.1         36.2 

3.  7  6.  0 


Grams.    Grams.   Grams.    Calories. 
6.77       61.47         8.81  6S5 

1.13       10.25         1.47  114 


270.0 

204.4 

24.5 

13.2 

14.6 

3.91 

31.43 

4.46 

347 

90.0 

68. 1 

8.2 

4.4 

4.9 

1.30 

10.  48 

1.49 

116 

aThis  period  includes  the  3  days  of  the  experiment  proper  and  3  days  of  a  preliminary  experiment 
not  reported. here. 

The  urine  in  these  experiments,  as  in  those  preceding,  was  collected 
at  intervals  throughout  the  day.  Instead  of  dividing  the  24  hours 
into  four  equal  periods,  however,  the  da}T  was  subdivided  into  two 
periods  of  6  hours,  one  of  4  and  one  of  8  hours.  The  object  of  this 
was  to  avoid  waking  the  subject  at  1  o'clock  at  night,  since  he  experi- 
enced some  difficulty  in  dropping  to  sleep  readily  afterwards.  Tables 
71  and  72  give  the  data  for  the  amount  and  composition  of  the  urine 
during  these  experiments.  The  urine  was  not  collected  after  the  close 
of  the  experiments.  The  urine  had  begun  to  decompose  before  the 
heats  of  combustion  of  the  daily  samples  could  be  determined,  con- 
sequently the  daily  elimination  of  energy  has  been  computed  accord- 
ing to  the  manner  followed  under  similar  circumstances  in  experi- 
ments Nos.  13  and  14. 


62 


Table  71. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  uriru   by  6-hour  periods — Metab- 
olism experwu  nts  Nos.  93  and  S4. 


Period. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Nitrogen  content 

Mar.  16-17 

E.C]/>  rinu  ut  Nii, 

7  a.  in.  to  1  p.  Ill 

1  p.  in.  to  7  i>.  m 

7  p.m.  t<>  11  p.  in 

Grams. 

844.8 
374.6 

581 . 1 

1.011 
1.010 
1.020 

1.010 

/'/  r  a  ut. 
.83 

:..7J 
1.82 

11  p.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1^      V|l 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  in.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  111.  to  7  ]>.  in 

_  _    ■ 



l.oia 

.81 

18.62 

17-18 

402.  9 

345.2 
697.6 

1.017 

l.oll 

l.on 

1.010 

1.14 
.  82 

4. 59 

7  p.m.  toll  p.m 

11  p.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  compo>ite 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7 p.m 

2,280.0 

1.012 

- 

19.61 

18-19 

312.7 

588.  1 
432. 1 

1.018 

1.010 
1.017 
1.013 

1.31 
.63 
.  96 

1 .  05 

4.10 
4.18 

7  p.  m.  to  11  p.  m 

5  65 

11  p.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

4.51 

l1*  47 

Total  by  composite- 

Expert  in' nt  No. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

I  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  11  p.m 

II  p.m.  to  7  a. m 

Total 

1.013 

.91 

18.17 

Mar.  19-20 

409.9 
770.3 
285.  2 

76a  i 

1.010 

1.012 
1.017 
1.010 

1.12 
.76 

1.16 
.75 

4.58 

5.85 
3.31 
5.70 

19  4"i 

Total  by  composite 

2,  225.  5 

1.014 

.80 

19  81 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m '. 

1  p.m.  to7p.ni 

20-2] 

344.4 
661.8 

294.  2 
570.  5 

1.018 

1.013 
1.019 
1.011 

1.19 
.-7 

1.20 
.82 

4.10 
5  76 

7  p.m.  to  11  p.m 

11  p.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

3.53 
1.68 

1^  07 

Total  by  composite 

i  a.  m.  to  ]  p.m 

I  p.m.  to  7  p.  in 

7p.m.  toll  p. m 

II  p.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

1,870.9 

1.013 

.96 

17.96 

21-22 

490.0 
651.6 

257.1 
462.  8 

1.012 
1.014 
1.017 

l.on 

.84 

.85 
1.12 
1.02 

4.12 
1.72 

17  26 

Total  by  composite 

1,861.5 

1.014 

.94 

17.56 

Sample  decomposed  before  percentage  of  nitrogen  was  accurately  determined. 
b Nitrogen  in  composite  taken  for  computations. 


63 


Table  72. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiment*  Nos.  23  and  24- 


Date. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Water. 

Heat  of  combus- 
tion. 

Per  gram.     Total. 

1899. 
Experiment  No. 

Mar.  16-17 

Grams. 
2, 299. 1 
2,280.0 

1,996.2 

2,225.5 

1,870.9 
1,861.5 

P.  ct. 




■ 

:::::: 

Grams. 
12.11 
12.  62 
11.90 

12.  53 
11.64 

11.11 

P.  ct. 

Gram*. 
3. 55 

3.70 
3.49 

3.67 

P.ct. 

Grams. 

2.  234.  3 
2,212.4 
1,932.5 

Calorie. 

Calories. 

140 

17-18 

146 

18-19 

137 

Experiment  No.  9U. 
Mar.  19-20 

2,158.5 

145 

20-21 

3.41 

3. 26 

L,808.6 
1.802.0 

134 

21-22 

128 

Total.  9  days» 

18,  540.  8 

0.58 

107. 53 

0.17       31.52      96.9    17.965.3  1        0.067!          1,242 

1,1 

»This  period  includes  the  6  days  of  experiments  23  and  24  and  3  days  of  a  preliminary  experiment 
not  reported  here. 


64 

The  results  of  the  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the 
ventilating-  air  current  are  given  in  Tables  73-75: 

Table  73. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 

expi  /•'//"  nts  Nos.  28  and  24. 


Date. 


1S99. 
Mar.  16-17 


Carbon  dioxid. 


End  of  period. 


Gain(+) 

Total        orloss(-) 


amount  in 
chamber. 


17-18 


18-19 


Mar.  19-20 


20-21 


Experiment  No.  2S.  Qram8 

7  a.  m 24.5 

lp.m 44.3 

7  p.  m 40.9 

la.  m 29.8 

7  a .  m 25. 2 

Total 

lp.  m 39.9 

7  p.  m 36. 3 

1  a.  m 26.7 

7  a.  m 25.0 

Total 

1  p.  m 45.0 

7  p.  m 42.1 

la.  m 27.3 

7  a,  m 26.4 

Total 

Experimt  ni  No.  %k. 

lp.m 40.3 

7  p.  m 34.9 

1  a.  m 26.6 

7  a.  m 27.  S 

Total 

1  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

Total 


over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 


Grams. 


+19.8 
-3.4 
-11.1 
-4.6 


Water. 


Total 
amount  of 
vapor  re- 
maining in 
chamber. 


Grams. 
35.2 
40.5 
43.2 
45.6 
37.7 


+ 


+14.7 
-3.6 
-9.6 
-  1.7 


.2 


+20.0 
-2.9 
-14.8 
-     .9 


40.1 
41.8 
37.4 
33.5 


Gain  ( 


v  Total 

{  I    amount 


orlossV-V     am0U1 
or  loss  (— )   eainecK+i 

over  pre- 


ceding 

period. 


Grams. 


-5.3 
-  2.7 
+  2.4 
-7.9 


or  lost(  — j 

during  the 

period.11 


Grams. 


2.5 


+  2.4 
+  1.7 
-  4.4 
-3.9 


4.2 


39.2 

39.7 
38.4 
34.5 


1.3 
3.9 


+  1.4 


+13.9 

-  5.4 
-8.3 

-  1.2 


37.9 
35.1 
39.0 
38.9 


3.  4 

2.8 

3.9 

.1 


+   \3 

-  2.7 

-  2.4 
-7.9 


+  1. 


1.4 
3.9 


1.8 

3.9 


-  3. 


-  1.4    ... 



-  4.4 

-  4.4 

45.  6 

+17.8  j 

40.2 

-  1.3 

-  1.3 

38.6 

-  7.0 

41.5 

+  1.3 

-  1.3 

29.1 

-  9.5 

41.1 

-     .4 

-     .4 

24.1 

-  5.0 

36.  7 

-  4.4 

-  4.4 

21-22 

1  p.  m 

41.2 

+  17.1 

39.6  i 

-  2.9 

7  p.  m 

44.4 

-  3.2 

44.6  | 

+  5.0 

+  5.0 

1  a.  m 

26.5 

-17.9 

44.3 

-     .3 

-     .3 

30.4 

+  3.9 

46.,, 

—  2.  5 

Total 

-  ('».  ?, 

+10.1 

+10.1 

1 

»The  variations  in  the  weights  of  the  absorbers  were  so  small  as  to  be  within  the  limits  of  error  in 
weighing.     They  are  not  taken  into  account  in  the  calculations.     There  was  no  drip. 


65 


r4. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current- 

Xos.  23  and  24. 


Metabolism  experiments 


Period. 

(a) 

Ventila- 
tion 
(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

Carbon  dioxid 

(h) 

In  incoming 
air. 

(d) 

In  out- 
going 
air. 

(0 
Total 
excess 
in  out- 
going 

air, 
d-c. 

(/) 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(g) 

Cor- 
rected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 
e+f. 

Total 
weight 

Date. 

(&) 

Per 

liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb 

of  car- 
bon ex- 
haled, 
<7XT\. 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Liter)-. 

Mg. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  ... 

24.  857 

0.700 

17.4 

234. 9 

217.  5 

4-19.8 

237.  3 

64.7 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m... 

20.329 

.706 

18.6 

245.9 

227.  3 

-  3.4 

223.  9 

61.1 

7  p. m  to  1  a.m.  .. 

27,  749 

.609 

16.9 

233.  3 

216.  4 

-11.1 

205.  3 

56.0 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 

27,  618 

.567 

15.7 

151.3 

135.  6 

-  4.6 

131.0 

35.7 

106, 553 



68.6 

865.  4 

796.8 

4-     .7 

797.  5 

217.  5 

17-18 

27, 110 

.566 

15.4 

236.  3 

220.9 

+  14.7 

235.  6 

64.  2 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. .. 

26, 569 

.556 

14.8 

232.  S 

218.  0 

-  3.6 

214.4 

58.5 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m  .. 

28, 339 

.  582 

16.5 

225.  7 

209.  2 

-  9.6 

199.6 

54.4 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  .. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p. m  .. 

28,  209 

16.6 

152. 1 

135.  5 

-  1.7 

133.8 

36.5 

110. 227 

63.3 

846.9 

783.  6 

-     .2 

783.4 

213. 6 

18-19 

26, 108 

.566 

14.8 

248.  3 

233.  5 

+20. 0 

253.  5 

69.1 

1  p.  m  to  7  p.  m  . . 

26,  608 

.548 

14.6 

227.4 

212.  S 

-  2.9 

209.  9 

57.2 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m  . 

27.  694 

.577 

16.0 

235.  9 

219.  9 

-14.8 

205.1 

55.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m.  . 

Total 

Total.  3  days 
Experiment  No.  2U. 

27, 572 

.578 

15.9 

148.7 

132.8 

-     .9 

131.9 

36.0 

107, 982 

61.3 

860.  3 

799.0 

+  1.4 

800.4 

218. 2 

324, 762 

193. 2 

2.572.6 

2, 379.  4 

+  1.9 

2.381.3 

649.3 

19-20 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m  .. 

27,  538 

.580 

16.0 

241.6 

225.  6 

+13.9 

239.  5 

65.3 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m  .. 

27.829 

.557 

15.5 

243.  3 

227.  8 

-  5.4 

222.  4 

60.6 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  . . 

27.  889 

.  655 

18.2 

248.6 

230.  4 

-  8.3 

222. 1 

60.6 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 

27, 385 

.639 

17.5 

153.7 

136.  2 

-  1.2 

137.4 

37.5 

110,  641 

67.2 

887. 2 

820.  0 

+  1.4 

821.4 

224. 0 

20-21 

26, 295 

.564 

14.8 

256.  4 

241.  6 

+  17.8 

259. 4 

70.7 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . . 

26,  624 

.572 

15.2 

251.0 

235.  8 

-  7.0 

228. 8 

62.4 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m  .. 

27,  671 

.601 

16.6 

237.5 

220. 9 

-  9.5 

211.4 

57.6 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  .. 

•     Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m  .. 

27, 938 

.549 

15.3 

159.  9 

144.6 

-  5.0 

139.6 

38.1 

108, 528 



61.9 

904.8 

842.  9 

-3.7 

839.2 

228.8 

21-22 

26, 162 

.609 

15.9 

249.4 

233.  5 

+17.1 

250.  6 

68.3 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m... 

26,  049 

.582 

15.1 

243. 4 

228.  3 

+  3.2 

231.  5 

63.1 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 

27.  71S 

.575 

15.9 

277.7 

261.8 

-17.9 

243.9 

66.5 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m  .. 
Total 

Total.  3  .lays 

27, 370 

.571 

15.6 

165.2 

149.6 

+  3.9 

153.5 

41.9 

107, 299 

62.5 

935.7 

873.  2 

+  6.3 

879.5 

239. 8 

326,  468 

191.6 

2,  727.  7 

2,536.1 

+  1.0 

2,540.1 

692.  6 

13007— No.  109—02- 


66 

Table  75. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  /•> 

and  24. 


Period. 

Ventilation    |  num-  ^ 
her   of    liters   of  "a 
air). 

Water  in 
incoming  air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(</) 
»* 

correction  for  water 
rem  uini  n^    in   > 
chamber, 

Total  water  of  n 
ration  and  perspi 

ration,  g  \  h. 

Date. 

(6) 

u 

- 

- 

(c) 

X 

e 
0 

(d) 

i  = 

z  — 

—  ~ 
-  i  -. 

g    BO    N 

=  z   '- 

--■- 
< 

Amount  not 
condensed    • 
in  Ereezera 

(/) 

i 

0 

Total  excess   nut 
in    outgoing    a 

f-c 

Experiment 

1899. 

No.  23. 

Lid  rs. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

til-itm*. 

<ifl  HIS. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m.. 

24,857 

0.830 

20.6 

180.1 

35.5 

215. 6 

195.0 

+  5.3 

200.3 

1  p.m.  to 7  p.  in.. 

26, 329 

.787 

20.7 

193.5 

35.5 

229.0 

208.  3 

•    2.7 

211.0 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27,749 

.719 

20.0 

232.  1 

42.  3 

274.7       254.7 

+  2.4 

257.  1 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  in.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27,618' 

.730 

20.2 

208.4 

35.6 

244.0       223.8 

-  7.9 

215.  9 

106, 553 

81.5 

814.4 

148.9 

963.3       881.8 

+  2.5 

884.3 

17-1 S 

27, 110 

.730 

19.8 

190.1 

38.8 

228.  9       209. 1 

-  2.4 

211.5 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m.. 

26,569 

.718 

19.1 

193.3 

33.9 

227.2        208.1 

-     1.7 

209.  8 

7  p.  m.  tol  a.m.. 

28, 339 

.712 

20.  2 

201.1 

42.6 

243.  7       223.  5 

-  4.4 

219. 1 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  tol  p.  m.. 

28,209 

.718 

20.2 

177.6 

36.  6 

214.  2       194.  0 

-  3.9 

190.1 

110,227 

79.3 

762.1 

151.9 

914.0       .S34.7 

1.2 

830.5 

18-19 

26, 108 

.  758 

19.8 

169.  6 

36.7 

206.3        186.6 

+  5.7 

192.2 

1  p.m.  to 7  p.  m.. 

26,  608 

.778 

20.  7 

184.7 

33.9 

218.6       197.9 

198.4 

7  p.m. tol  a.m.. 

27, 694 

.776 

21.5 

197.0 

42.  6 

239.6 

218.1 

-  1.3 

216.  8 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  in.. 

Total 

Total,  3days. 
Experimi  nt 

27,572 

.771 

21.3 

189.2 

35.6 

224.8 

203.  5 

-  3.9 

199.6 

107,  982 

83.3 

740.  5 

14S.8 

889. 3       806.  0 

-  1.0 

807.0 

324,  762 

244.1 

2,317.0 

449.  6 

2,  766.  6    2.  522.  5 

^0.7 

2,521.8 

No.  2U. 

Mar.  19-20 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 538 

.802 

22.1 

183.3 

40.0 

223.3 

201.2 

4-  3.4 

204.  6 

l  p.m. to 7 p.m.. 

27,829 

.785 

•21.8 

195.3 

36.7 

232.0 

210.2 

-  2.8 

207. 4 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m.. 

27, 889 

.759 

21.2 

220.0 

41.9 

261.9 

240.  7 

4-  3.9 

211.  6 

1  a.m. to  7  a.  in.. 
Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 385 

.744 

20.4 

209.6 

33.7 

243.  3 

222.  9 

-     .1 

222.  s 

110,641 

85.5 

808.  2 

152.  3 

960. 5       875. 0 

+  4.4 

879.  1 

20-21 

26, 295 

.749 

19.7 

191.6 

35.5 

227.  1 

207.4 

+  1.3 

21  is.  7 

1p.m. to  7  p.m.. 

26, 624 

.706 

18.8 

204.9 

32.0 

236.  9 

218.1 

+  1.3 

219.  1 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m.. 

27,  671 

.689 

19.1 

214.  0 

40.7 

25}.  7 

235.6 

-     .4 

235.  7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 93S 

.702 

19.6 

204.4 

35.3 

239.  7 

220. 1 

-  4.4 

215.2 

108, 528 



77.2 

814.9 

143.5 

958. 1 

881.2 

-  2.2 

879.  0 

21-22 

26, 162 

.702 

18.4 

186.8 

34.3 

221.1 

202.  7 

-  2.9 

205.  6 

1  p.m.  to  7  i>.  m.. 

26, 049 

.693 

18.1 

200.1 

31.0 

231.1 

213.0 

4-5.0 

218.0 

7  p.m.  tol  a.  in.. 

27, 718 

.717 

19.9 

253.  0 

41.0 

294.0 

271.1 

-     .3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. . 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

27, 370 

.733 

20.1 

246.  6 

35.9 

282.  5 

262.4 

+  2.5 

261.9 

107,299 

76.  5 

B86.6 

142.2 

L.028.7 

952.  2 

+  10.1 

962.  3 

326, 468 

239. 2 

2,  509.  6 

43S.  0 

2, 947.  6 

2,  708.  4 

+  12.3 

2,  720.  7 

67 

Table  76  shows  the  amount  of  heat  carried  away  in  the  water  cur- 
rent and  in  the  water  vapor  in  successive  6-hour  periods  of  experiments 
Nos.  23  and  24. 

Table  76. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  23 

and  24. 


Date. 

Period. 

Heat 
measured 
in  terms 

Of  Coo. 

(6) 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(0 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calo- 
rimeter, 
6x60. 

!  Correc- 
tion due 
'  to  tem- 
perature 
of  food 

and 
dishes. 

(c) 

Water  va- 
porized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 

con- 
densed in 
chamber. 

(/) 

Heat 
used  in 

vaporiza- 
tion of 
water. 

ex  0.592. 

Total 
heat  de- 
ter- 
mined, 
a+c+d 
+/• 

1899. 

Mar.  16-17 

Experiment  No. 23. 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

>  1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.m. to  7 a.m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.to7  a.m 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.m. to 7  p.m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

Experiment  No.  tU. 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 

7  p.m.  tol  a.m 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m 

Total 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m 

1  p.m.to7  p.m 

7  p.m. tol  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

7  a.m. tol  p.m 

1  p.m. to 7  p.m 

7  p.m. tol  a.m 

1  a.m.  to7  a.m 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

Calories. 
485.  4 

521.  4 
452.  2 
252.  0 

Degree. 
+0.21 

-  .07 

-  .05 

+  .05 

Calories. 
+12.6 

-  4.2 

-  3.0 

-  3.0 

Calories. 

-  17.5 

-  23.9 

Grams. 

200.3 
211.0 
257. 1 
215.  9 

Calories. 
118.6 
124. 9 
152.  2 
127.  8 

Calories. 
599.1 
618.2 
601.4 
382.8 

1,711.0 

+  .14 

+  8.4 

-  41. 4  1        884. 3 

523.  5 

2. 201. 5 

17-18 

477.4 
502.4 
418.1 
302.4 

+  .01 

-     .6 

—  18.6 

-  28.7 

211.5 

209.8 
219.1 
190.1 

125.  2 
124.  2 
129.7 
112.  5 

584.0 

598.5 
547.8 
414.9 

1,  700.  3 

-  .01 

-     .6 

-   47.3 

830.  5 

491.6 

2, 145.  2 

18-19 

513.8 
510.0 
448.9 
277.7 

-  16.0 

1Q->    0 

113.8 

117.5 
128.3 
118. 2 

611.6 
598.  2 
578.4 
392. 3 

-  .02 
+  .02 

-  .06 

-  1.2 

+  1.2 

-  3.6 

-  28.1  :        198.4 

'        216.8 

199.6 

1,7.50.4 

-  .06 

-  3.6 

-  44.1  |        807.0 

477.  8 

2, 180.  5 

5,161.7 

-  .09  | 

+  5.4 

-132.8       2,521.8 

1.492.9 

6,  527.  2 

Mar.  19-20 

497.6 

510.  9 
450.  5 

278.8 

-  .01 

+  .05  | 

+     .6 

+  3.0 

-  18.5 

-  29.9 

204.6 
207.  4 
244.6 
222.  8 

121. 1 
122.  S 
144.8 
131.9 

600.8 
606.8 
595. 3 
412  5 

-  .03  ! 

-  1.8 



1,737.8 

+  .09 

-  5.4 

—  48.4  j        879.4 

520.  6 

2,215.4 

20-21 

520.  9 
515.8 
436.8 
279.2 

-  .01 

-  .04 
+  .02 

-  .06 

+     .6 

-  2.4 

+  1.2 

-  3.6 

-  14.3 

-  31.8 

208.7 

219.  4 
235.  2 

123.  5 
129.9 
139.2 
127.  7 

630.7 
611.5 
577  2 

215.  7 

403.3 

1,752.7 

-.07  1 

-  4.2 

-  46.1  '        879.0  1 

520.3  , 

2, 222.  7 

21-22 

590.0 
443.1 
569.5 
248.9 

+  ,04 

-  2.4 

-  14.7           205.6 

-  29.9           918  n 

121.7 
129.1 
1621 

156.8 

699.4 
542.  3 
731  0 

+  .01 : 

-     .6 
+     .6 

273.  8 
264.9 

406  3 

1,851.5 

+  .04 

+  2.4 

-  44.6           962.3 

569.7 

2.  379.  0 

5,342.0  | 

+     06 

+  3.6 

-139..1       2,720.7 

1,610.6  , 

6,817.1 

68 

Balance  of  imcoine  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — The  income 
and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  in  experiments 
Nos.  23  and  24  are  shown  in  Tables  77-80. 


Table  77. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon- 

cmd  24> 


Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  23 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Time. 

(a) 

In 
food. 

(6) 

In 
feces. 

(e) 

In 
urine. 

J<9 

Gam 

(  +  )or 

loss 
(-),o- 

(b+c). 

(e) 

In 
food. 

(/)    ■ 

In 
feces. 

iff) 

In 
urine. 

(h) 
In  re- 
spira- 
tory 
prod- 
ucts. 

(*) 

Gain 

(  +  )or 

loss(  — ), 

e-(f+ 

9+h). 

1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  23. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 

19.8 

1.1 

18.8 

-0.1 

244.9 

10.2 

12.1 

217.  5 

+    5.1 

17-18,7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

19.9 

1.2 

19.6 

-  .9 

245.0 

10.3 

12.6 

213.6 

+    8.5 

18-19,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

19.8 

1.1 

18.5 

+  .2 

244.9 

10.2 

11.9 

218.2 

+    4.6 

Total,  3  days 

59.5 

3.4 

56.9       -  .8 

734.8 

30.7 

36.6 

649.3 

+  18.2 

Average,  1  day 

19.8 

1.1 

19.0 

-  .3 

244.9 

10.2 

12.2 

216.4 

+    6.1 

Experiment  No.  2k. 

Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
20-21,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 
21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 


19.8 
19.9 
19.8 


1.3 
1.3 
1.3 


19.4  -  .9 
18.1  +  .5 
17.3        +1.2 


299.  7  10. 5 

299.6  10.5 

299.7  10.5 


12.5 
11.7 
11.1 


224. 0 

228.8 
239.8 


+  52.7 
+  48.6 
+  38.3 


59.5 
19.8 


3.9 

1.3 


54.8 
18.2 


+   •» 
+  .3 


899.0 
299.7 


31.5 
10.5 


35.3       692.6      +139.6 


11.8 


: 


230.9      -  46.5 


Table  78. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and.  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  £3 

and  24. 


Water. 

Time. 

(a) 
In  food. 

(6) 

In  drink. 

In  feces. 

In  urine. 

(c) 

In  respira- 
tory prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 

Apparent 
loss, 

n~b- 
{c+cl+e). 

1899. 

Experiment  Xo.  23. 

Gram*. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1, 269. 8 

1,362.8 

49.2 

2,234.3 

884.3 

-    535.2 

17-18,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

1, 269. 8 

1,379.2 

49.2 

2,212.4 

830.5 

-     443.1 

18-19, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,269.8 

1, 378. 0 

49.2 

1,932.5 

807.0 

-     140. 9 

Total.  3  davs 

3, 809.  4 

4, 120. 0 

147.6 

6,  379. 2 

2, 521. 8 

-1,119.2 

1, 269. 8 

1,373.3 

49.2 

2, 126. 4 

840.6 

-     373. 1 

Experiment  Xo.  2k. 

Mar.  19-20, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,269.8 

1,376.0 

68.1 

2,158.5 

879.4 

-     460.2 

20-21,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

1,269.8 

1,382.4 

68.1 

1, 808. 6 

879.9 

-     103.5 

21-22,7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,269.8 

1,373.4 

68.1 

1,802.0 

962.3 

-     189. 2 

Total,  3  days 

3,  809. 4 

4,131.8 

204.3 

5,  769. 1 

2, 720.  7 

-     752. 9 

Average,  1  day 

1,269.8 

1,377.3 

68.1 

1,  923.  0 

906.9 

-     250.9 

69 

Table  78. — Ircome  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  23 

and  24 — Continued. 


Hydrogen. 

Time. 

iff) 

In  food. 

(h) 
In  feces. 

(*) 

In  urine. 

(*) 

Apparent 

gain,  g— 

(h  +  i). 

(m) 

Loss  from 
water, 
/-9. 

(n) 

Total 

gaiii(-) 

or  loss 

(-).l+m. 

1899. 

Experiment  No.  23. 

Grams. 

'Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

35.1 

1.5 

.       3.5 

+  30.4 

-  59.5 

-29. 1 

17-18, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a .  m 

35.4 

1.4 

3.7 

+  30.3 

-  49.2 

-18.9 

18-19, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

35.4 

1.5 

3.5 

+  30.4 

-  15.7 

+14.7 

Total,  3  days 

106.  2 

4.4 

10.7 

4-  91.1 

-124.4 

-33.3 

Average,  1  day 

35.4 

1.5 

3.6 

+  30.4 

-  41.5 

-11.1 

Experiment  Xo.  2U. 

Mar.  19-20, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

43.8 

1.5 

3.7 

+  3S.6 

-  51.1 

-12.5 

20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

43.8 

1.5 

3.4 

+  3S.9 

-  11.5 

^27.4 

21-22,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

43.8 

1.5 

3.3 

+  39.0 

-  21.0 

+18.0 

Total,  3  days 

131.4 

4.5 

10.4 

+116.5 

-  83.6 

+32.9 

Average,  1  day 

IS.  8 

1.5 

3.5 

+  38.  S 

-  27.9 

+10.9 

Table  79. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (XXG.^o),  fat,  and  water 

Xos.  23  and  24. 


Metabolism  experiments 


Time. 


(a) 

Nitrogen 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost(-). 


(6) 

Protein 
gained 
(+)  or 
lost  (-), 
ax6.25. 


(c) 

Total  car- 
bon 
gained 
(+)or 

lost  (-). 


(d) 

Carbon  in 
protein 
gained 
(+)or 

lost  (-), 
bx0.53. 


(e) 

Carbon  in 

fat,  etc.. 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 

c-d. 


(/) 

Fat 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 

6-5-0.761. 


18S9. 

Experiment  No.  -23. 

Mar.  16-17, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

17-18,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

18-19, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total,  3  days 

Average-,  1  day 

Experiment  No.  U 

Mar.  19-20, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

20-21. 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22, 7  a.m. to  7  a.m  .... 


Total.  3  days  . . 
Average,  1  day 


Grams. 


+  .2 


+  .8 
+  .3 


Grams. 
-0.6 
-5.6 
+1.3 


Grams. 
+  5.1 
+  8.5 
+     4.6 


Grams. 

0.0 

-3.0 


Grains. 
+  5.1 
+  11.5 
+    3.9 


Grams. 
+     6.7 
+  15.0 
+    5.1 


-4.9       +  18.2 
-1.6       +6.1 


-2.3 


+  20.5  ;       +  26.8 
+     6.9         +9.0 


-  .9 

-5.6  i 

+  52.7 

-3.0 

+  55.7 

+  72.8 

+  .5 

+3.1 

+  48.6 

+1.6 

-  47.0 

+  61.5 

+1.2 

+7.5 

+  38.3 

^4.0 

+  34.3 

+  44.8 

+5.0 
-1.7 


+139.6 

-  46.5 


+2.6 
+  .9 


+137.0         +179.1 
+  45.  7         -  59.  7 


70 


Table  79. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (NX6-86),  fat,  and  water— Metabolism  experiment* 

Not.  :■;  and  94— Continued. 


Tinie. 

(<7) 

Total  hy- 
drogen 

gained  (  +  ) 
<t  lost  (-). 

(A)                 d)                 (*)                 (0 
SS3S    "CgS"    ™?       water 
or  lost  (-),  orlost(-,)  1+)  or  lost  orlost(-), 
&X0.07.     J    /X0.118.                                  **9- 

1899. 
Experiment  No. 
Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Greims. 
-29. 1 

Oram, 

on 

Grams. 
+  0.8 

+  18 

Gram.-'. 
-29.9 
9n  a 

Gram.-'. 
269  1 

17-ls.  7  a. m. to  7  a.  m 

-18.9               -   .4 
+14.7              +  .1 

18z  7 

18-19, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

•  -14.0 

+126.0 

Total,  3  davs 

-33.3              -  .3  I          +  8.2             -36.2 
-11.1                 -   .1   ;            -r   1.1               -12.1 

| 

Average,  1  day 

-108.6 

Experiment  No. 

Mar.  19-20,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-12.5 
4-27.  1 
4-18.0 

-   .4 

'+   .2 

-4-   .5 

4-    5.4 

-20. 8 
+19.8 
+  12.1 

187  2 

20-21, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

+178  2 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

+108.9 

Total,  3  davs 

-32.9               -  .8             4-21.5             +11.1 

+  99.9 

Average.  1  day 

4-10.9               -   .1              -  7.1              -3.7 

Table  80. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  expt  rinu  nts  Nos.  33  and  /-/'• 


Time. 

UO          (6) 

Stood  k5» 

"eaten15  °ffe^- 

(c) 

Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion of 
urine. 

(el)     ,      (c) 
Esti-       F    • 

heatSf   »"** 
h%*™    heat  of 

(-).  ;  (->- 

Esti- 
mated 
energy 

of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the 
bodv.  a 
-(b+c 
+d+e). 

(SO 

Heat 
deter- 
mined. 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(  +  )or 
less  (— ) 
than 
esti- 
mated. 

u-f- 

(*) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(  +  )or 
less(-) 

than 

esti- 
mated, 

h+f. 

1899. 

Experiment  No. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7a.m... 
17-18, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . . 
1^-19.7  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

2,546 

2,546 

Calo- 
ries. 

114 

114 

114 

Calo- 
ries,      ties. 

140  j       -  4 
146         -32 

137  j       +8 

ries. 

+       63 
+     141 
-       18 

Calo- 
ries. 

2,233 

2.177 
2  239 

Calo- 
ries 

2,  202 

2,146 

2,181 

-  31 

-  32 

-  58 

a  nt. 
-1.4 
-1.5 
-2.6 

Total.  3  davs 

7,638           342         423         —28  |+     252 

6,649 
2.  216 

6  528 

2. 176 

-121 
-  40 

Average,  1  day 

Experiment  No.  .",. 

Mar.  19-20.  7  a.  m.  to  7a.m... 
20-21 .  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . . 
21-22,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total.  3  days 

Average,  1  day 

2,646           114         141         -  9 

-1.8 

; ).",        -32 

-     -    &79 
3,061           116         128         4-43    -     421 

2,148 

2,  214 
2,353 

2,216 

+     9 
-  26 

+3.1 
+  .4 

1.1 

9,183          348 
3,061           116 

407         +29    +1,684 

136         +10  ,+    561 

6,715 

6,817 
2,272 

+102 
+  34 

+1.5 

71 

METABOLISM  EXPERIMENT  NO.   25. 

Suhjvft. — J.  F.  8.,  a  chemist,  29  years  of  age,  weighing  with  under- 
clothing about  61  kilograms  (111  pounds). 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Reading,  writing,  and  miscellaneous 
observations  with  the  apparatus,  with  as  little  muscular  activity  as  was 
practicable. 

Duration. — Three  days,  beginning  at  7  a.  m.  January  23, 1900.  The 
usual  preliminary  period  of  1  days  duration  preceded  the  metabolism 
experiment.  The  subject  entered  the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of 
January  22,  thus  spending  four  nights  and  three  days  in  the  respira- 
tion chamber. 

Diet. — Inasmuch  as  experiment  No.  25  was  the  first  with  this  sub- 
ject, the  experiment  was  somewhat  of  a  preliminary  nature.  The 
average  food  consumption  of  the  subject  had  been  determined  by  pre- 
liminary tests,  and  the  diet  was  so  arranged  as  to  furnish  approxi- 
mate^ the  nitrogen  and  the  energy  it  was  believed  the  subject  required. 
It  was  intended  to  make  this  the  first  of  a  series  of  three  experiments, 
in  which  about  one-fifth  of  the  energy  of  the  diet  should  be  furnished 
by  isodynamic  amounts  of  different  materials.  Unfortunately  an  acci- 
dent to  some  of  the  machinery  necessitated  the  stopping  of  the  experi- 
ment shortly  after  the  close  of  the  first  of  the  series  of  experiments. 
The  diet  consisted  of  a  so-called  basal  ration  furnishing  about  110  grams 
of  protein  and  2,391  calories  of  energy,  to  which  was  added  63  grams 
of  butter  daily,  furnishing  1  gram  of  protein  and  505  calories  of  energy. 

The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  for  each  meal  and  the  quan- 
tity of  drink  consumed  at  different  periods  of  the  day  are  as  follows: 


Table  81. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 

FOOD. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef  

Grams. 
30 
35 
300 
90 
25 

10 

Grains. 

55 

35 

300 

120 

Grams. 

Grams. 
85 

Butter 

28 
400 
90 
25 
35 
10 

98 

Milk 

1.C00 

Bread  

300 

Parched  cereal 

50 

Ginger  snaps 

35 

70 

Sugar 

20 



DRINK. 


Time. 

Water. 

Time. 

Water. 

Breakfast 

drams. 

100 
200 
200 
300 

10.30  p.  m 

Total  for  day 

Grams. 
100 

10.00  a.  m 

900 

3.00  p.  m 

9.00  p.  m 

72 

Daily  routine. — The  daily  routine  was  essentially  the  same  as  that 
in  previous  experiments  with  other  subjects,  with  the  exception  that 
the  subject  observed  his  pulse  and  body  temperature  at  more  frequent 
intervals.     The  general  routine  was  as  follows: 

Table  82. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


6.50  a.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

3.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

7.00  a.  m 

Pass   urine,    weigh    self,  weigh 

6.00  p.  m 

Supper. 

absorbers. 

6.50  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

7.45  a.  m 

Breakfast,     drink      100      grams 

7.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self,  weigh  ab- 

water. 

sorbers. 

10.00  a.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

9.00  p.  m 

Drink  300  grams  water. 

12.50  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.20  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

1.00  p.  in 

Pass  urine. 

10.30  p.  m 

Drink  100  grams  water,  retire. 

1.15  p.  m 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.  m 

Pass  urine. 

Table  83  summarizes  the  most  important  statistics  in  the  diary  kept 
b}T  the  subject.  He  weighed  himself  in  underclothing  twice  each  day. 
The  reasons  for  not  removing  all  the  clothing  in  weighing,  as  was  done 
in  previous  experiments,  were  two.  It  was  desired  to  avoid  the  mus- 
cular work  involved  in  dressing  and  undressing.  It  has  also  been 
found  that  the  sudden  increase  of  radiation  of  heat  from  the  skin  when 
the  clothing  was  removed  caused  a  decided  rise  of  the  temperature 
inside  the  chamber  and  thus  disturbed  the  accuracy  of  the  heat  meas- 
urements to  some  extent.  There  was  extremely  little  muscular  exer- 
cise and  no  sensible  perspiration.  Hence  the  differences  in  weight 
from  time  to  time  may  be  considered  to  represent  very  nearly  the 
actual  changes  in  body  weight. 

The  determinations  of  pulse  rate  were  made,  of  course,  by  the  sub- 
ject himself,  when  either  sitting  or  reclining,  after  several  minutes' 
rest.  The  measurement  at  6.50  to  7  a.  m.,  however,  was  made  just 
before  rising. 

The  body  temperature  was  determined  by  means  of  a  mercury  ther- 
mometer. The  temperature  was,  as  a  rule,  taken  in  the  axilla,  although 
numerous  sublingual  observations  were  made.  The  thermometer  was. 
as  a  rule,  left  in  place  ten  minutes  before  reading.  While  the  records 
of  body  temperature  thus  taken  are  probably  not  as  accurate  as  might 
be  desired,  later  observations  with  an  electrical  rectal  thermometer 
since  devised  for  continuous  and  accurate  observations  of  internal 
body  temperature a  lead  us  to  believe  that  the  daily  curves  for  the  two 
are  nearly  parallel. 

In  previous  experiments  a  hygrometer  had  been  placed  in  the 
chamber,  and  readings  with  dry  and  wet  bulb  were  taken  at  frequent 
intervals.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  these  readings  were  not  used  in  the 
computations  of  results,  and  as  it  is  desirable  in  rest  experiments  to 

aArch.  Physiol.  [Pfliiger],  88  (1901),  No.  9-10,  p.  492. 


73 

avoid  all  unnecessary  exercise,  even  that  of  rising  and  reading  the 
h\Tgrometer,  these  observations  were  not  made  in  the  experiments  of 
1900. 

Table  83. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


Weight 
of  sub- 
ject in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 

rate 
per 
min- 
ute. 

Temperature. 

Time. 

Weight 
of  sub- 
ject in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 
rate 
per 
min- 
ute. 

Temperature. 

Time. 

Axil- 
lary. 

Sublin- 
gual. 

°F. 



98.3 

97.9 

98.3 


98.7 





97.8 

Axil- 
lary. 

Sublin- 
gual. 

1900. 
January  88. 

Kgs. 

63.79 

73 

89 

°F. 
97.2 
98.3 
98.5 

97.  S 
•97.5 
97.9 
97.6 

1900. 
Jan.2U— Cont'd. 
12.30  p.  m 

Kgs. 

63 

78 

°F. 

°F. 
97.7 

1.52  p.  m 

9  05  a.  m 

1.55  p.  m 

98.5 



I 

2.25  p.  m 

98.3 
98.4 
98.6 
98.6 

98.8 
98.5 
98.3 
98.3 
98.2 

11.30  a.  m 

2.45  p.  m 

3.23  p.  ra 

84 

12  m 

72 

3.45  p.  m 

12.10  p.  m 

3.46  p.  m 

82 

98.6 

12.25  p.  ni 

97.7 
98.3 

98.0 

98.8 

98.7 
98.1 
97.9 
98.3 

4.10p.m 

12.50  p.  m  . 

4.30  p.  m 

75 



69 

4.55  p.  m 

2.35  p.  m 

5.15  p.  m 

75 

2.40  p.  m 

78 
86 

82 

5.30  p.  m 

69 

3.50  r>.m  .. 

5.48  p.  m 

98.3 

•5.57  p.  m 

71 

5  p.  m 

73 

6.49  p.  m 

98.5 

6.53  p.  m 

77 

5.35  p.  m 

6.57  p.  m 

7.30  p.m 

65. 13 

6.45  p.  m. 

75 

78 

98.2 

64.63 

7.38  p.m 

98.2 

98.4 
98.3 

98.2 

97.4 

98.1 
98.3 
98.6 

98.2 
98.4 

97.6 
97.7 

8  p.m 

98.2 
98.1 

8.30  p.  m  . . . 

75 

8.25  p.  m 

8.40  p.  m 

8.30  p.  m 

70 

72 

97.7 

9.35  p.m...*. 

68 

97.7 
97.7 
97.6 
97.7 

9.21  p.m 

10  p.  m 

97.5 
97.5 

10.10  p.  m 

10.10  p.m 

10.15  p.  m 

10.25  p.  m 



69 

67 
83 

10.20  p.  m 

64 

97.0 

10.20  p.m 

97  0 

January  2U. 

6.55  a.  m 

8.30  a.  m 

64.21 

10.25  p.m 

64 

71 

.. 

97.2 

January  25. 

8.40  a.  m .*.. 

7.03  a.  m 

7.38  a.m 

64.49 

9  a.  m 

98.6 
98.6 

78 



9.25  a.  m 

78 

98.4 

9.30  a.  m 

8.37  a.m .. 

86 

9.35  a.  m 

8.50  a.m 

98.5 

9.55  a.  m 

98.2 
97.9 

97.2 
98.3 

98.2 

8.53  a.m 

82 

10.30  a.  m 

68 
80 
74 
84 
81 
69 

98  5 

10.40  a.m 

9.37  a.  m .. 

80 

11  a.  m 

98  3 

11.25  a.m 

10.29  a.  m 

76 

11.35  a.m 

10.40  a.m 

'98.0 

11.55  a.  m 

10.45  a.  m 

71 
74 

12.17  p.  m 

10.54  a.m 



74 

Table  83. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25 — Continued. 


Weight 
of  sub- 
ject in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 
rate 
per 
min- 
ute. 

Temperature. 

Weight 

Pulse 
rate 
per 
min- 
ute. 

Temperature. 

Time. 

Axil- 
lary. 

Sublin- 
gual. 

Time.             ject  in 
under- 
clothes. 

Axil- 
lary. 

Sublin- 
gual. 

1900. 
Jan.  85— Cont'd.      K 
11  10  a.  m       

oF 

98.0 

°F. 

1900. 
January  26.           K 
6.55  a.m 

70 

°F. 

°F. 

11.13  a.  m 

72 
74 

7  a.m 

98. 1 

11  95  a  in 

7.04  a.m j      64.43 

8.33  a.m 

11.35  a.m 

98.1 

90 

11.39  a.m 

72 
69 

8.39  a.m 

88 
90 

8.41  a.m 

12.09  p.  m 

98.0 

8.42  a.m 

97.9 
98.5 

72 
68 

68 

9.26  a.  m 

12.27  p.  m 

9.30  a.  m 

91 

12.45  p.  m 

9.72  a.m i 

98.5 

12.47  p.m 

98.1 

10  a.m 

98.3 

2  11  p  m 

81          98. 7 

i  10.27  a.  m 

87 

2.37  p.  m 

98.7 
98.1 

98.8 

10.32  a.  m 

98.2 

10.44  a.m i 

98.2 

81 

11.01  a.m 

98.2 
98.1 
97.9 

97.7 
97.9 
97.9 

3.19  p.  m 

11.12  a.m 

3  26  p.  m 

82 

11.30  a.m 

3  28  p.m 

98.0 
98.3 
98.4 
98.5 

11.33  a.m 

82 

97.9 

3.31  p.m 

11.55  a.m 

3.33  p.m 

j  12.05  p.m 

'  12.28  p.m 

98.4 
98.5 
98.3 
98.3 
98.3 
98.  2 

12.34  p.m 

72 
76 

4.10  p.m 

12.51  p.m 

75 

'  12.56  p.m 

97.9 

4.48  p.  m 

1.56  p.m 

82 

5.06  p.  m 

2.04  p.m 

98.2 
98.4 

5.23  p.  m 

73 

2.16  p.m 

6.04  p.m 

98.3    

2.27  p.m 

88 

6.43  p.m 

6.46  p.m 



76 

2.28  p.m 

98.5 
98.5 

98.4    

2.45  p.m 

6.59  p.  m 

7.48  p.m 

65. 19 

3.07  p.  m  . . 

92 



98.4    

3.08  p.  m 

98.6 

7.51  p.m 

7.55  p.  m 



69 

3.12  p.m 

93 

97.9 

3.21  p.  m 

98.5 
98.7 
98.7 
98.6 

8.22  p.  m 

97.7 

3.33  p.  m 

98 

8.46  p.m 

97.8  ! 

8.49  p.m 

70 

4  p.m 

8.51  p.m 

97.7 

4.39  p.m 

100 

9.16  p.  m 

97.8 
97.8 
97.8 

98.7 
98.6 

9.31  p.m 

5.23  p.m 

9.46  p.m 

5.28  p.m 

95 

9.49  p.m 

70 

98.3 

10.10  p.m 

97.4    

G.37  p.m 

94 

10.17  p.m 



70 

6.49  p.m    . 

98.3 

10.20  p.m 

97.2  1- 

7  p.  m 

65.18 

75 

Detailed  data  of  incorru  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients 
and  energy  in  the  daily  diet  in  this  experiment  are  shown  in  Table  84, 
and  the  total  and  daily  elimination  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  feces  in 
Table  85, 


Table  te— Weight, 


composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiment 
Xo.  25. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


S165 
3166 
3169 
3164 
3168 
3167 


|    Food  materials. 


Weight 
per  day. 


Water. 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


Car-  ! 
bohy-  j 
drates. 


Nitro- 
gen. 


Car- 
bon. 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 


Beef 

Butter 

Milk,  skimmed. 

Bread 

Parched  cereal 
Ginger  snaps... 
Sugar 

Total 


Grams. 
85 
98 
1,000 
300 
50 
70  I 
20 


Grams. 

53.4 

8.6 

894.0 

115.8 
2.8 


8.4 


Grams. 

28.5 

1.6 

43.0 

27.3 

5.9 

4.5 


Grams. 
2.8 
84.4 
4.0 
6.3 
.9 
6.0 


Grams. 




51.0 

146.7 

39.o 

54.9 

20.0 

Grams. 
4.56 

.25 
6.80 
4.38 

.94 


Grams. 
16.68 
62.10 
47.60 
84.12 
21.10 
30.91 
8.42 


Grams. 
2.35 
9.81 
6.70 
12.  09 
2.97 
4.49 
1.30 


Calories. 
185 


841 

207 

310 

79 


1.623    1,078.0  j     110.8 


104.4       312.2       17.65     270.93       39.71 


2,  896 


Table  85. —  Weight,  composition,  and  Jteat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  25. 


Lab- 
or a - 
torv 
No. 

Weight 
of  feces. 

Water. 

Pro"         Pat 
tein.        *at- 

■Shy-  «£r 

drates.      &eu- 

Car- 
bon. 

WvHrn        Heat  0f 

gel °"   combus- 
gen-         tion. 

3171     Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day... 

Grams. 
211.4 

70.5 

Grams. 

145.8 

48.6 

Grams. 

18.2 

6.1 

Grams. 
8.0 
2.7 

Grams.   Grams. 
23.  4         2. 92 

7.8  !        .9/ 

Grams. 

29. 02 

9.67 

Grams. 
4.27 
1.42 

Calories. , 
332 
111 

The  urine  was  collected  and  the  nitrogen  determined  in  the  usual  6- 
hour  periods  each  day.  The  usual  aliquot  portions  of  the  urine  during 
each  period  of  the  day  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  composite 
sample  for  the  day.  The  nitrogen  and  heat  of  combustion  of  this 
composite  sample  were  determined.  Aliquot  portions  of  the  urine  for 
each  day  were  taken  for  the  preparation  of  a  composite  sample  for 
the  whole  period  of  the  experiment.  Inasmuch  as  it  was  intended  that 
this  experiment  should  form  a  part  of  a  series  continuing  for  9  days, 
a  composite  sample  of  the  urine  for  the  3  days  of  experiment  Xo.  25 
was  not  made,  but  a  corresponding  sample  for  5  days  was  prepared 
and  analyzed  in  the  usual  manner.  The  statistics  are  shown  in  Tables 
86  and  87.  The  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  found  in  the 
ventilating  air  current  during  the  different  days  of  this  experiment 
are  shown  in  Tables  8S-90.  Table  90  summarizes  the  calorimetric 
measurements  during  the  experiment. 


76 

Table  86. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  6-hour  periods — Metab- 
olism experiment  No.  2-5. 


Date. 


Period. 


&SEL    £££    Nitrogen  content. 


1900. 

Jan.    23-24 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  . 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


24-25 


25-26 


26-27 


----- 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  in.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 


Total 

Total  by  composite. 

7  a.  ni.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 


Grams. 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

281.1 

1.027 

1.40 

3.94 

314.6 

1.029 

1.60 

5.03 

201.5 

1.032 

2.03 

4.09 

178.0 

1.  028 

1.90 

3.38 

975.2 

16.44 

975.  2 

L.0285 

1.69 

16.48 

256.  6 
380.3 
225.  8 
349.3 


1,212.0 
1,212.0 


355. 2 

430.7 


1.026 
1.032 
1.027 
1.016 


1.022 
1.019 


1.51 
1.27 
1.79 
1.06 


1.09 
1.08 


3.87 
4.83 
4.04 
3.70 


16.44 
16.48 


3.87 
4.65 


7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  ... 

303.8 

1.021 

1.34 

4.07 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  ... 

461.1 

1.014 

;82 

3.7S 

Total 

1.550.8 

16.  37 

Total  by  compos 

ite 

1,5-50.8 

1.019 

1.07 

16.  59 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  ... 

402.  6 

1.019 

.92 

3.70 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  ... 

441.3 

1.018 

1.00 

4.41 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  ... 

375.  6 

1.017 

1.0S 

4.06 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  ... 

305. 6 

1.019 

1.12 

3.  42 

Total 

1.  525. 1 

15.  59 

Total  by  com 

posite 

1, 525. 1 

1.0185 

1.03 

15.  71 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 

331.8 

1.  021 

1.16 

3.85 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  .. 

448.3 

1.019 

1.07 

4.  -0 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 

405.  0 

1.017 

1.15 

4.66 

1  a.  m.  to  7a.  m  .. 

280.3 

1.020 

1.24 

3.47 

Total 

1,465.4 



16.78 

Total  by  com 

posite 

by  composite 

1.465.4 

1.019 

1.15 

16. 85 

Total,  5  (lavs 

G.  72a  5 

1.21 

8L41 

Table  87. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiment  No. 


Date. 


of  urine. 


Carbon. 


Hydrogen. 


Water. 


Heat  of  com- 
bustion. 


gSn,    Totel- 


1 

1900. 

1 

I    Grams. 

P.ct. 

Grams.  IP.  ct. 

Grams. 

P.  d. 

Grams. 

-  " lories. 

Jan.  23-24.. 

|        975.2 

12.88    

3.12 

913.1 

0.142         138.5 

24-25.. 

1,212.0 

12.87    

3.12    

1, 150. 0 

.121          146.6 

25-26.. 

1,550.8 



12.82    

3.10  ■ 

1,489.0 

.  100         155. 1 

26-27.. 

1,525.1 

12.21    

2.96    

1. 466. 2 

.096         146.4 

27-2^.. 

5  days 

1.4G5.4 

13.14    

3.18    

1, 402. 0 

Total, 

6,728.5     0.95 

63.  92      0.  23 

15.48     95.42     6.420.3    

77 


Table  88. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
expi  riment  No.  25. 


Date. 


1900. 

Jan.   23 


End  of  period 


<  a. 
lp. 
7  p. 

la. 


1  p. 
7  p. 

1  a. 
7  a. 


lp. 
7  p. 
la. 


Total 


m 

Total 


Carbon  dioxid. 


Total 
amount 

in 
chamber. 


Gram*. 
27.-4 
36.7 
45.6 
27.  6 
26.6 


Water. 


Gain  (  +  ) 
orloss(— ), 


Total 

amount 

of  vapor 


over  pre 
ceding 

Period-    ch€  nber. 


remain- 
ing in 


Gain  (  +  ) 
orloss(  — ) 
over  pre- 
ceding 
period. 


Grami 


4-9.3 

+  8.9 
-18.0 
-1.0 


Grams. 
36.5 
42.9 
44.1 
43.9 
37.4! 


+6.4 
+1.2 


-6.5 


.8 


38.  6 
44.6 
26.0 
24.9 


+12.0 

41.8 

-6.0 

39.3 

-18.6 

41.2 

-  1.1 

35.0 

-4.4 
-2.5 
+  1.9 
-6.2 


-2.4 


Change 
in  weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers, 
gain  (  +  ) 
orloss(-). 


Grami 


Total 

amount 

gained  (  +  ) 

or  lost  (  — ) 

during  the 

period. 

Grams. 


+11 
+  10 

-11 

-10 


0 


-17.4 
-11.2 
-11.2 
-16.5 


D.  i 
.5 
.1 

8.2 


m 

35.  5 
46.  7 

26.8 
26.4  | 

+10.6 

-11.2 
-19.9 
-     .4 

40.3 
43.5 
40.3 
36.5 

+5.3 

-3.2 
-3.8 

-  1 
0 

0 
0 

+  4.3 
+  3.2 

m 

-  3.2 

m 

-  3.8 

3  davs 

Total 

! 

+  1.5    . 

+1.5 

-  1 

+     .5 

Total, 

-  1.0    . 

0 

-  3 

-  3.0 

Table  89. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment 

Xo.  25. 


Period. 

(«) 

Ventila- 
tion 
(number 
of  liters 
of  air). 

Carbon  dioxid. 

(h) 

Date. 

In  incoming 
air. 

id) 

In  out- 
going 
air. 

(e) 
Total 
excess 
in  out- 
going 

air, 
d-c. 

Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(9) 
Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 
e+f. 

Total 
weight 
of  car- 

(6) 

Per 

liter. 

(c) 
Total, 
a  x  6. 

haled, 
g  x  &. 

1900. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Jan.    23-24 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m  ... 

25, 652 

0.  624 

16.0 

244.9 

228.  9 

+  9.3 

238. 2 

65.0 

1  p.m. to  7  p. m  ... 

26,430 

.593 

15.7 

247.  3 

231.6 

+  8.9 

240.  5 

65.6 

7  p. m.  to  1  a.m  ... 

27, 208 

.561 

15.3 

226.6 

211.  3 

—18.0 

193.3 

52.7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m  ... 
Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m  ... 

26,430 

.539 

14.2 

144.0 

129.8 

—  1.0 

128. 8 

35.1 

105. 720 

61. 2 

862.  8 

801.6 

-     .8 

800.8 

218.4 

24-25 

26, 430 

.011 

16.1 

238. 8 

222.  7 

+12. 0 

234.  7 

64.0 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m  ... 

27,208 

.598 

16.3 

233.  4 

217. 1 

+  6.0 

223. 1 

60.8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m  ... 

27,  985 

..560 

15.7 

235. 0 

219.3 

-18.6 

200.7 

54.7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m  ... 

Total 

7  a.m. to  1  p.m  ... 

27,985 

.549 

15.4 

150.7 

135.3 

-  1.1 

134.2 

36.6 

109, 608 



63.5 

857.9 

794.4 

-  1.7 

792.7 

216. 1 

25-26 

27.  207 

.  572 

15.6 

224.  8 

209.  2 

+10.6 

219.8 

59.9 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m  ... 

26, 430 

.588 

15.5 

233.  4 

217.  9 

+11.2 

229. 1 

62.5 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m  ... 

27,985 

.584 

16.3 

235. 6 

219.  3 

-19.9 

199.4 

54.5 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m  ... 

Total 

Total,  3  da  vs. 

27, 208 

.548 

14.9 

156.6 

141.7 

-     .4 

141.3 

38.4 

108, 830 

62.3 

851 >.  4 

788.1 

-  1.5 

789.6 

215.  3 

324, 158 



187.0 

2,571.1 

2,384.1 

-  1.0 

2, 383. 1 

649.8 

78 


Table  90. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiment  No.  2 


Period. 

(a) 
So 

a  t 

—s  a; 

=  •- 
p 

> 

Water  in  in- 
coming air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(flO 

S.S3 

(h) 

£  be 

S-2 

a  O  h 

I** 

lag 

gno 
O 

(i) 

8  8^ 

°§* 

111 

o  —' 

H 

Date. 

(b) 

c 

o 

(c) 

.0 

X 

e 

2 

c 

(d) 
"■dg 

—    'J.    N 

3  d  « 

< 

(«) 

lie 

(/) 

+ 

3 

o 

IB    C 

a>  o 

1900. 
Jan.    23-24 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m. 
1  p. m.to  7  p.  m. 
7  p. m.to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total 

7  a. m.to  1p.m. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m. 
7  p.  m.to  la.  m. 
1  a. m.to  7  a.  m. 

Total 

7  a.  m.to  l.p.  m. 
1  p.  m.to  7  p.  m. 
7  p. m.to  1  a.  m. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

Liters. 
25, 652 
26, 430 
27, 208 
26, 430 

Mg. 

0.877 
.870 
.862 
.819 

Grams. 
22.5 
23.0 
23.5 
21.6 

Grams. 
191.9 
210.1 
212.9 
190.9 

Grams. 
46.6 
37.8 
42.3 
36.2 

Grams. 
238. 5 
247. 9 
255.2 
227.1 

Grams. 
216. 0 
224. 9 
231.  7 
205.5 

Grams. 
+17.4 
+  11.2 
-11.2 
-16.5 

Grams. 
233.4 
236. 1 
220. 5 
189.0 

105,  720 

90.6 

805.8       162.9 

968.7 

878. 1 

+     .9 

879.0 

24-25 

26, 430 
27, 208 
27, 985 
27, 985 

.887 
.864 
.834 
.859 

23.4 

23.5 
23.3 
24.0 

193.7  1       40.2  1     233.9 
209.1         39.3       248.4 
218. 5         43. 7       262. 2 
189.7  !       39.5  '     229.2 

210.  5 
224. 9 
238.9 
205.2 

+  5.4 

-  1.5 

-  .1 

-  8.2 

215.9 
223.4 
238.8 
197.0 

109, 608 

94. 2 

811.0       162.7  j     973.7 

879.  5 

-  4.4 

875.1 

2.5-26 

27,207 
26, 430 
27, 985 
27,208 

.853 

.873 
.841 
.812 

23.2 
23.1 
23.6 
22.1 

188.7         43.9 
197.7  '       37.0 

199.7  43.3 

181.8  36.3 

232.6 
234.  7 
243.0 

218.1 

209.  4 
211.  6 
219.  4 
196.0 

+  4.3 

+  3.2 

-  3.2 

-  3.8 

213.7 
214.  8 
216. 2 
192.2 

108, 830 

92. 0 

767.9       160.5       928.4 

836.4 

+     .5 

836.9 

321,158 



276.8 

2,384.7 

486.1 

2, 870.  8 

2,  594. 0 

-  3.0 

2,591.0 

Table  91. — Summary  of  calorimetric  measurements 

— Metabolism  experiment  i\ 

o.  25. 

Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 
meas- 
ured in 
terms  of 

C2o- 

(6) 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calorim- 
eter, 
6x60. 

id) 

Correc- 
tion due 

to  tem- 
perature 

of  food 
and 

dishes. 

(e) 
Water  va- 
porized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 

con- 
densed in 
chamber. 

(/) 

Heat 
used  in 
vaporiza- 
tion of 
water, 
ex  0.592. 

(9) 

Total 
heat  de- 
termined, 
a+c+d 

+/■ 

1900. 
Jan     23  24 

7  a.  m.to  1  p.m... 
1  p.  m.to  7  p.  m... 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m . . . 
1  a. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a. m.to  1  p.m... 
1  p. m.to  7p.m... 
7  p. m.to  1  a.m... 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m... 
1  p.  m.to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
1  a. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 

Calories. 
588.0 
490.6 
447.1 
248. 5 

Degree. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

-  0.5 

+  5.9 

Grams. 

•2-2-2.  1 
226. 1 
231.5 
199.0 

Calories. 
131.7 
133.8 
137.1 
117.8 

Calories. 
719. 2 

-0.01 

-0.6 

621.6 
590. 1 

366.3 

1,774.2 

-  .01  j        -0.6 

+  3.2 

879.0 

520.4 

2, 297. 2 

24-25 

542.  2 
467.  2 
443.7 
239. 0 

+  0.3 
-  3.0 
+  6.1 

214.9 
222.4 
240.  8 
199.0 

127.2 
131.7 
142.  6 

117.8 

669.7 

595.9 

592.4 

+  .04 

+2.4 

359. 2 



1,692.1 

+  .04 

+2.4 

+  3.4 

877. 1 

519.3 

2,217.2 

25  26 

520. 2 
495.  7 
430. 2 
270.9 

+  0.2 
-  2.2 
+  6.6 

214.7 
214.8 
216.  2 
192.2 

127. 1 
127.  2 
128.0 
113.8 

647.5 

620.7 

564.8 

+  .03 

+1.8 

386.5 

1,717.0 

+  .03  1         +1.8 

+  4.6 

837.9 

496.1 

2,219.5 

5, 183.  3 

+3.6 

+11.2 

2,594.0 

] ,  535.  8 

6, 733. 9 

79 


Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy. — Tables  92-95 
summarize  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  h}Tdrogen,  and 
energy. 

Table  92.—  Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


Nitrogen.                                                  Carbon. 

Date. 

(a) 

In 
food. 

(6) 

In 
feces. 

(C) 

In 

urine. 

(d) 

Gain 

(  +  )or 

loss ( — ) 

a— 
(b+c). 

(e) 

In 

food. 

(/) 

In 
feces. 

(9) 

In 
urine. 

(h) 
In 
respira- 
tory 
prod- 
ucts. 

Gain 
(  +  )or 

loss  (  —  ) 

€~(f+ 

g+h). 

1900. 
Jan.  23-24,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
24-25,  7  a.  rn.  to  7  a.  m. . 
25-26,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . . 

Grams. 
17.7 
17.6 
17.7 

Grams. 
1.0 

.9 
1.0 

Grams. 
16.4 
16.4 
16.4 

Grams. 
+0.3 
+  .3 
+  .3 

Grams. 
270.9 
270. 9 
270.9 

Grams. 
9.7 
9.6 
9.7 

Grams. 
12.9 
12.9 
12.8 

Grams. 
218. 4 
216.1 
215. 3 

Grams. 
+29.9 
+32.3 
+33.1 

Total,  3  days 

53.0 

2.9 
1.0 

49.2 
16.4 

+  .9 
+  .3 

812.7 

29.0 

38.6 
12.9 

649.8        -+-95.3 

Average,  1  day 

17.7 

270.  9 

9.7 

216.6 

+31.7 

Table  93. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


Water. 

Date. 

(a) 

In 

food. 

(6) 

In 
drink. 

(c) 

In 
feces. 

(d) 

In 
urine. 

(e) 

In 

respiratory 

products. 

(/) 

Apparent 

loss, 

a+b- 

(c+d+e). 

1900. 

Jan.  23-24, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  rn 

24-25, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

25-26, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 
1,078 
1,078 
1,078 

Grains. 
900 
900 
900 

Grams. 
48.6 
48.6 
48.6 

Grains. 
913.1 
1, 150. 0 
1,489.0 

Grams. 
879.0 
875.1 
836.9 

Grams. 
+  137.3 
-  95.7 
-396.  5 

Total,  3  davs 

3, 234 

1,078 

2, 70G 

145.8 

3,552.1           2.591.0 
1,184.0              863.7 

-354.9 

900 

48.6 

-118.3 

' 

Hydrogen. 

Date. 

(9)                   (h) 

In                 In 
food.            feces. 

In 
urine. 

(0 

Apparent 

gain, 

9-{h+i). 

(m) 

Loss  from 
water, /-h  9. 

(») 

Total 

gain(  +  ) 

or  loss  (— ), 

l+m. 

1900. 

Jan.  23-24, 7a.m.to7a.ra 

24-25,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

25-26, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams.     \     Grams. 
39.7                 1.4 
39.7                 1.4 
39. 7                  1.  5 

Grams. 
3.1 
3.1 
3.1 

Grams. 
+  35.2 
+  35.2 
+  35.1 

Grams. 
+15.3 
-10.6 
-44.1 

Grams. 
+50. 5 
+24.6 
-  9.0 

Total,  3  days 

119.1  i                4.3 
39.7  !                1.4 

9.3 
3.1 

+105.5 
+  35.2 

+39.4 

+13.2 

+66.1 

+22.0 

80 

Table  94. — Gain  or  lo88qfprotein(NX6.25),fat}  and  water — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


Date. 


(a)               (b)  (c)                (rf)                (e) 

Protein  Total       Carbon  in  Carbon  in         F 

Itrogen      W}*  A?™         protein       fat,  etc.,  LJX*,, 

ined(+)  ?ained(  +  )  c*™0^  gailled(+)  gained(  +  )  ^ain^d^ 

J?f    ,      lost(-),  or           ,     «*    .      ww    x    !  lost(-), 


Ni„_ 

gained 


or 

10St(      '•        ox  6.25. 


or 

lost  (-   , 

oxO.53. 


lost(-), 
c-d. 


lost 

e*  0.761. 


1900. 
Jan.  23-24.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

24-25.  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  in 
25-26.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total.  3  days 

Average.  1  day 


Gram. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+0.3  1 

4-1.9 

-29.9 

-1.0 

+28.9 

+  38.0 

-   .3 

+i.8 : 

+32.3 

+1.0 

-31.  3 

-  41.1 

-   .3 

-1.9 

+33. 1 

+1.0 

+32.1 

4-  42.2 

-   .9 

+5.6 

i-95.8 

-3.0 

+92.  3 

-121.3 

+  .3 

+1.9 

+31.8 

+1.0 

-30. 8 

-  40.4 

Date. 


1900. 
Jan.  23-24.  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.m. 
24-25.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in. 
25-26,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in. 

Total.  3  days 

Average.  1  day 


(9) 

Total 
hydrogen 
gained(  +  ) 
or  lost  (  — ). 


(h) 
Hydrogen 
in  protein 
gained  ( 

or  lost  C - 
6x0.07 


(0 

Hydrogen 

in  fat 


(*) 

Hydrogen 
in  water, 
etc., 


}  orfoSY-V  Sained' (  + 
'0r,l0nV,(fi  }'  orlost(-) 


/x  0.118 


) 
9-(h+i). 


Grams. 
+50.5 
-24.  6 
-  9.0 


-66.1 

-22.0 


Gram. 
+0.1 
+  .1 
-  .2 


Grams.  Grams. 

-  4.5  +45.9 

+  4.8  -19.7 

+  5.0  -14.2 


(0 

Water 
gained  (+) 
or  lost  (-), 

Jrx9. 


-  .4 

-  .1 


14.3 
-   1.8 


+51.4 

-17.1 


Grams. 
-413.1 
-177.3 
-127.8 


-462.6 
-1-54.2 


Table  95. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiment  No.  25. 


Date. 


(a) 


Heat  of 

com- 
bustion 
of  food 
eaten. 


1900. 
Jan.  23-24,  7  a.  m.-to  7  a.  in 
24-25,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 
25-26,7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 


Calo- 
ries. 

2,896 

2,896 


8,688 
2,896 


(6) 


(c) 


Heat  of  Heat  of 

com-       com- 
bustion bustion 

of  of 

feces.  '  urine. 


Calo- 
rics. 

Ill 

110 

111 


Calo- 
ries. 

138 

147 
155 


(d) 
Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 


com- 
bustion 
of 


(e) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 


com- 
bustion 

ESS  *& 


gained 

(  +  ) 
or  lost 

(-)•    I 


(  +  ) 
or  lost 

(-)• 


(/) 
Esti- 
mated 
energy 
of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the  , 
body,  i 
a-(6+c 
d+e). 


(9) 


Heat 
deter- 
mined 


Caln- 

I  >'.s. 

+11 

+10 
+11 


332 
111 


440 
147 


+32 

-11 


Calo- 
ries. 

+    362 

-     392 

+    403 


(h) 
Heat 
deter- 
mined 

greater 
I  (  +  )or 
less(-) 
than 
esti- 
mated, 
OS- 


Calo- 
ries. 

2, 274 

2,237 

2,216 


+  1,157  I     6,727 

2.  242 


Calo- 
ries. 

2,297 

2,217 

2,220 


Calo- 
ries. 

+23 

-20 

-   4 


6.734  +   7 

2,244         -  -1 


(i) 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(+)or 
less(-) 

than 

esti- 
mated, 

h+f. 


Perct 

+1.0 
-  .9 
+  .2 


-  .3 
+  .1 


METABOLISM  EXPERIMENTS  NOS.   26  AND  28. 

Subject. — J.  F.  8-,  as  in  the  previous  experiment,  weighing  with 
underclothing  about  61  kilograms  (141  pounds). 

Occupation  during  >  xpt  riment. — Reading,  writing,  and  miscellaneous 
observations  within  the  apparatus,  with  as  little  muscular  activity  as 
practicable. 


81 

Duration. — Experiments  Nos.  26  and  28  form  the  first  and  last  of  a 
series  of  3  experiments  which  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
the  relative  replacing  power  of  isodynamic  amounts  of  different  mate- 
rials; the  intermediate  experiment  is  not  reported  here.  The  usual 
preliminary  period  of  ±  days  duration  began  with  breakfast  February 
10,  1900,  and  ended  with  supper  February  13.  The  subject  entered 
the  calorimeter  on  the  evening  of  February  13  and  experiment  No.  26 
began  at  7  a.  m.  February  14,  continuing  3  days.  Experiment  No.  28 
began  at  7  a.  m.  February  20,  and  continued  until  7  a.  m.  February  23. 

Diet. — The  diet  consisted  of  a  basal  ration  furnishing  about  99 
grams  of  protein  and  1,982  calories  of  energ}^  per  day.  To  this,  in 
experiment  No.  26,  was  added  63.5  grams  of  butter,  furnishing  1  gram 
of  protein  and  508  calories  of  energy.  In  experiment  No.  28  the 
material  added  consisted  of  128  grams  of  cane  sugar,  furnishing  507 
calories  of  energy  per  day.  The  protein  and  energy  were  thus  prac- 
tically the  same  in  both  of  the  experiments.  The  kinds  and  quantities 
of  food  in  the  basal  ration  as  served  for  each  meal,  the  character  and 
amount  of  the  supplemental  ration  in  the  different  experiments,  and 
the  quantity  of  drink  consumed  at  different  periods  of  the  day  in  each 
experiment  were  as  follows: 

Table  96. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26  and  28. 

FOOD— BASAL  RATION. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef 

Grams. 

35 

10 

300 

50 

Grams. 

50 

12 

400 

100 

30 

Grams. 

Grams. 
85 

Butter 

8 

300 

50 

30 

25 

30 

Milk 

1,000 
200 

Bread 

Ginger  snaps 

60 

Parched  cereal 

25 
15 

50 

Sugar  

15 

FOOD-SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION. 

Experiment  No.  26 63.5  grams  butter  per  day. 

Experiment  No.  28 128  grams  sugar  per  day. 

DRINK. 


Time. 

Water. 

Grams. 
100 
200 
200 

Time. 

Water. 

Breakfast 

9  p.  m 

Grams. 

300 

10  a.  m 

Total  for  dav 

800 

3  p.  m 

13007— No.  109—02- 


82 


Daily  routine. — The  general  routine  of  the  experiment  was  as  follows: 
Table  97. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  26  and  28. 


6.50  a.  in 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

6.00  p.m 

Supper. 

7.00  a.m 

Rise,  pass  urine. weigh  self. weigh 

6.50  p.m 

7.00  p.m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

absorbers. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self,  weigh  ab- 

7.45 a.m 

Breakfast,  drink  100  grams  water. 

sorbers. 

10.00  a.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

9.00  p.  m 

Drink  300  grams  water. 

12.50  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.20  p.m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass  urine. 

10.30  p.  m 

Retire. 

1.15  p.m 

Dinner. 

1.00  a.m 

Pass  urine. 

3.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

The  more  important  statistics  in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject  dur- 
ing experiments  Xos.  26  and  28  are  summarized  in  Table  98. 

Table  98. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  26  and  28. 


Time. 

Weight      Pulse 
of  subject  rate  per 
in  under- 1    min- 

clothes.       ute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Time. 

Weight 
of  subject 
in  under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 
rate  per  Temper- 
min-       ature. 
ute. 

1900. 
Experiment  No.  26. 

Feb   14.    7.00  a.m 

Kge. 
64 

68 
78 
67 
64 

:F. 
97.8 
98.3 
98.1 



97.8 



97.9 
98.5 
98.  5 
98.5 

1890. 
ExpLNo.2&— Cont'd. 

Feb.  15.    5.30  p.  m 

Kgs. 

98.0 

8.36  a.  m 

5.49  p.  m 

6.30  p.  m 

69 
69 
68 
75 
67 

10.27  a.  m 

98.2 

12.27  p.  m 

6.55  p.  m 

7.30  p.  m 

64.87 

98.2 

12.33  p.  in 

98.1 

12.53  p.  m 

61 

8.30  p.  m 

97.6 

1.00  p.m 

8.54  p.m 

2.27  p  m  . . 

77 

9.00  p.m 

97.5 

3.47  p.  m 

9.30  p.  m.... 

67 

4.30  p.  m... 

72 

67 

9.35  p.  m 

^7.4 

5.30  p.  m... 

9.51  p.  m 

97.6 

98.7 

10.15  p.  m 

70 

6.17  p.m 

8.13  p.m... 

64.88 

10.20  p.  m 

97.5 

97.6 

97.5 
97.7 

Feb.  16,    6.55  a.  m 

71 

82 

8.30  p.  m 

64 
64 
64 
69 

7.00  a.  m 

8.32  a.  m 

64.01 

98.1 

9.29  p.  m... 

8.40  a.  m 

98.3 

Feb.  15,    6.50a.m... 

98.1 

9.30  a.m 

9.37  a.  m 

79 

700a  m 

64.18 

98.2 

78 

10.31  a.m 

76 

72 

98.3 

7.39  a  m 

98.3 
98.5 

11.26  a.  m 

8.33  am.. 

82 
80 

11.30  a.  m 

98.2 

9  28  a  m 

12.27  p.m 

70 

9  30  a.  m 

98.3 

12.30  p.  m 

98.1 

10.33  a  m 

71 

12.58  p.  m 

71 

10.46  a  m     . 

98.5 
98.1 

1.00  p.  m 

98.2 

11.30  a.  m... 

70 

68 

2.01  p.  m 

80 
79 

81 

98.2 

12.31p.m... 

2.30  p.  m 

9S.2 

12  37  p  m 

9S.4 

3.35  p.m 

98.3 

12  54  p  m 

68 

98.2 

1  00  p.  m 

98.2 
98.2 
98.5 

4.27  p.  m 

79 

1.59  p  m 

75 
81 

77 
76 

4.30  p.  m 

98.2 

2.28  p.  m.. 

5.30  p.  m 

75 
80 

98.5 

3.35  p.  m 

5.43  p.  m 

6.32  p.  m 

98.7 

4.28  p  m 

4.30  p.  m 

98.1 

6.42  p.m 

98.4 

'83 


Table  98. — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  26  and  28 — Continued. 


Time. 

Weight      Pulse 
of  subject  rate  per 
in  under-    ruin- 
clothes,       ute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

Time. 

Weight     Pulse 
of  subject  rate  per  Temper- 
in  under-    min-       ature. 

clothes.       ute. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  86. 

Feb.  16,    7.00  p.  m 

Kgs. 

04.  73 

77 
75 

°E. 

98.5 

1900. 
Expt.  No.  98— Cont'd. 
Feb.  21.  1.54  p.  m 

Kf/s. 

3 

°F. 

2.01  p.  m 

98.2 

7.40  p.  m 



9S 
98.3 

97.8 
97.8 

"'"'  l 

93 

2.34  p.  m 

9S.5 

8.26  p.  m 

8.30  p.  m... 

71 

3.52  p.  m 

S6 

98.2 

9.31p.m.... 

Experiment  N  .  18. 
Fel>.  20.    6.55  a.  m 

68 

72 
88 

4.35  p.  m 

76 
79 
75 

77 
79 

9^.2 

5.28  p.  m 

98.5 

7.00  a.  m 

63.  71 

98. 1 

6.32  p.  m 

7.32  a.  m 

6.59  p.  m 

98.2 

98.  4 

7.00  p.  m  .... 

.64.63 

8.30  a.  m 

91 

81 

97.7 

8.31  a.  m 

98. 4 
98.7 
98.4 
98. 2 

97.9 

9.30  a.  m 

99 
84 
81 
78 
70 

8.27  p.  m 

79 

10.30  a.  m 

8.30  p.m 

97.7 

11.30  a.  m 

9.27  p.m 

73 

11.36  a.  m 

97.6 

12.27  p.  m j 

Feb.  22,  6.55  a.  m 

69 

So 

12.33  p.  m ' 

98.1 

7.00  a.  m 

63.  85 

98. 1 

70 

12.59  p.  m 

98. 1 

7.40  a.  m 

97.9 

81 

8.28  a.  m 

93 

98.3 
98. 2 
9^.1 

8.33  a.  m 

98.3 

3.34  p.  m 

81 

79 
71 

9.°7  a.  m 



95 

4.30  p.  m 

9.30  a.  m 

98.  2 

5.32  p.  m 

10.29  a.  m.... 

10.30  a.  m 

87 

5.41  p.  m 

98 

9<.4 

6.35  p.  m 

77 

11.36  a.  m 

82 
74 

6.40  p.  m 

98.1 

12.27  p.  m 

.... 
72 

12.30  p.  m 

98.  2 

7.00  p.  m 

7.30  p.  m 

64.  32 

98.1 
97.8 

70 

12.58  p.  m 

98  2 

8.28  p.  m 

2.07  p.  m 

83 

8.30  j».  m... 

97.7 

98.6 

9.30  p.  m... 

67 

2.30  p.  m 

84 

9.32  p.  m 

97.3 

2.50  p.  m 

98.  4 

10.18  p.  m 

67 

3.30  p.m 

84 
78 
73 

98.  4 

10.20  p.  m. 

97.2 

4.29  p.  m 

98.4 

Feb.  21,    6.55  a.  m 

73 

87 

5.30  p.  m 

7  00  a.  m... 

63.83 

98.1 

98.2 

7.29  a.  m 

6.30  p.  m 

73 
76 
74 

98.4 

7.30  a.  m 

98.1 



98.3 
98.3 

6.57  p.  m 

7.27  p.  m 

64.77 

98.1 

8.29  a.  m. 

92 

8.30  a.  m 

7.31  p.m 

97.7 

9.30  a.  m 

101 

87 

8.32  p.m 

72 

10.30  a.  m 1 

8.42  p.  m 

97.5 

10.33  a.  m \ 

98.4 

9.27  p.m 

66 

11.27  a.  m 1 

78 

97.3 

11.31  a.  m 1 

97.9 
98.1 

10.20  p.m 

70 
76 

97.1 

12.31  p.m 1 

77 
73 

Feb.  23,  6.55  a.  m 

1.00  p.  m ' 

7.00  a. m 

64.05 

98  1 

84 


Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients  in 
the  basal  ration  which  were  used  for  the  experiments  and  the  quantities 
in  the  supplemental  ration  in  the  two  experiments  are  shown  in  Table 
99.  The  elimination  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  feces  was  determined 
in  each  experiment  and  the  results  are  recorded  in  Table  100. 


Table  99. 


Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiments 
Nos.  26  and  28. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  materials. 

Weight    WatPT 

per  day.    Uater' 

Pro- 
tein. 

Fat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat 

Of 
com- 
bus- 
tion. 

3176 

Beef 

Grams.     Grama. 

53. 1 

30. 0          3. 0 

1,000.0       900.0 

200.0         78.fi 

Grams. 

28.7 

Grams. 
2.4 

Groins. 

47.0 
97.  - 
47.9 
39.5 
15.0 

Grams.    Grams. 
4.60        16.62 

'Trams. 
2.30 
3.01 
6.30 

3.97 
2.97 

.97 

Colo- 
187 

3177 

Butter 

.5 
42.0 
17.8 

3.7 
5.9 

25.8 

3.0 

3.2 

5.0 

.9 

.08 

6.70 

2.84 

.60 

.94 

19.  51 
46.30 
55.  52 
26.59 
21.10 
6.31 

240 

3179 
3180 

Milk,  skimmed 

Bread  

462 
561 

3181 
3168 

Ginger  snaps 

Parched  cereal 

Sugar 

Total  basal  ration.. 

EXPERIMENT   NO.  26. 

Butter    (supplemen- 
tal ration)  

Total  ration,  1  day. 

EXPERIMENT   NO.  28. 

Total  basal  ration 

Sugar     (supplemen- 

60.0 
50.0 
15.0 

2.5 
2.8 

266 

207 

59 

3177 

1,440.0   1,040.0 

63.5          6.3 

I 

98.6 
1.0 

40.3 
54.5 

247.  2 

15.  76 
.16 

191.  95 
41.29 

27.50 
6.36 

1,982 

.508 

1,503.5 

1,046.3      09.6        94.8      247.2 

15.92    233.24      33.86    2.490 

1,440.0 
128.0 

1,040.0 

98.6 

40.3 

247. 2 
128.0 

15.76      191.95 
53.  SS 

27.50 
8.29 

1,982 

507 

Total  ration,  1  day. 



1,668.0    1.040.0      98.6        40.3  ,  375.2 

15.76    245.83  i  35.79    2,489 

Table  100. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiment* 

Nos.  26  and  28. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight              '      Pro-                    <**?■ 
of  feces.    Water      tern.        F^      ^ 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

TT,.Hrri     Heat  of 

gen       combu*- 
&eu-         tion. 

3183 

Experiment  No.  26. 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day... 

Experimenl  No.  25. 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day... 

Grams.     Grama. 

286.5       171.0 

78.8         57.0 

Grams.    Grams.    Grams. 

20. 6           8. 5         20. 1 

6.9  '        2.8          6.7 

Grams. !  Grams. 
3.26       28.33 
1,09         9.44 

Grams.    Calories. 
3. 41                317 
1.14                106 

3185 

219.9       155.2         23.3         12.1   ;      16.1 
73.3         51,7           7.8           4.0           5.3 

0.  71       29. 93 
1.25         9.98 

4.02                335 
1.34                112 

The  usual  statistics  of  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  water, 
and  energy  in  the  urine  are  given  in  Tables  101  and  102.  The  urine 
was  collected  in  the  usual  periods  for  twenty-four  hours  following  the 
close  of  experiment  No.  28.  The  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  these 
periods  was  3.48,  5.25,  4.74,  and  2.96  grams,  respectively,  or  a  total  of 
16.43  grams. 


85 


Table  101. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine- 

26  and  28. 


Metabolism  experiments  Nos. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Specific 

gravity. 

Nitrogen  content. 

1900. 
Feb.  14-15 

Experiment  No.  26. 
7  a.  ni.  to  1  p.  m. 

Grams. 

326.  7 
297.  6 
264.  8 

327.  4 

1.0225 
1. 0245 
1.0225 
1.017 

Per  cent. 
1.31 
1.57 

1.54 
1.10 

Grams. 
4.28 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

4.67 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

4.08 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

3.60 

Total  . 

1,216.5 

16.63 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  ni 

1, 216.  5 



1.021 

1.38 

16.  7^ 

15-16 

451.4 
356.7 
274.3 
443.7 

1.017 
1.021 
1.021 
1.0115 

.83 
1.23 

1.35 
.73 

3.  75 
4.39 

3.70 

3.24 

Total 

1,526.1 
1,526.1 

15. 08 

1.0175 

.99 

15. 11 

16-17 

381.6 
400.2 
266.2 
292.4 

1. 0185 
1. 0185 
1.020 
1.017 

.91 
1.04 
1.35 
1.10 

3.47 

4. 16 

3.59 

3.22 

Total  . 

1.  340.  4 
1,340.4 

14.44 

1.0185 

1.09 

14.61 

4,083.0 

4, 083. 0 

46. 15 

46.00 

Experiment  No.  28. 
7  a.  in.  to  1  p>.  m 

Feb  20-21 

379.2 
327.  3 
207. 1 
2.56.  2 

1.0185 
1.021 
1.0255 
1.018 

1.12 
1.39 
1.82 
1.30 

4. 25 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

4.55 

3.77 

3.33 

Total 

1,169.8 
1, 169. 8 

15.  90 

Total  b v  composite 

1.020 

1.37 

16.03 

21-22 

340.7 
267.  7 
276.8 
407.0 

1.018 
1.024 
1.  020 
1.011 

1.09 

1.60 
1.41 

.82 



3.71 

4.  28 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in 

3.90 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

3.34 

-  Total  .                                                      

1, 292. 2 
1, 292. 2 

15. 23 

Total  bv  composite 

1.017 

1.19 

15.  38 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

22-23 

302. 8 
258.5 
234.7 
408.5 

1.0185 
1.023 
1.022 
1.012 

i.n 

1.58 
1.62 

.84 

3.36 

4.08 

3.80 

3.41 

Total 

1,202.5 
1, 202. 5 

14. 65 

Total  bv  composite 

1.018 

1.23 

14.79 

Total .  3  da vs,  b v  periods 

3.664.5 
3,  664.  5 

45.  78 

Total  bv  composite 

| 

46.20 

Total,  9  days,8  by  composite 

11,  998.  8 

1.019 

1.19 

138.  84 

'Including  3  days  of  an  experiment  not  here  reported. 


86 

Table  102. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  erxrgy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiments  Xos.  26  and  28. 


Date. 

p     .    -,               Amount 
fenoci.             Qf  urine_ 

Carbon. 

W 

Heat  of  com- 
bustion. 

grPam.     Total- 

1900. 
Feb.  14-15 

15-16 
16-17 

Experiment  No.  26.     QramSm 
7  a.m. to  7  a.m...:    1,216.5 
7  a.m.  to  7  a.m...     1,526.1 
7  a.m.  to  7  a.m...     1,340.4 

P.ct. 

Grams.'  P.ct. 

11.93    

10.82    

10.36    

Grams. 

2.87 
2.61 
2.50 

P.ct. 

Grams.   Calorie. 

1. 157. 3  0. 103 

1.472.4  .082 
1,289.0         .101 

Oalorit  s 

125 

125 
135 

Total, 3 days..     4,083.0   

33.11    

7.98 

3,918.7    385 

Feb. 20-21 
21-22 
22-23 

Experiment  No.  88. 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m...     1,169.8 
7  a.m.  to  7  a.m...      1,292.2 
7  a.m. to  7  a.m... i    1,202.5 



11.40    

10.92    

10.51    

2.75 
2.63 
2.53 



1,113.2         .102 
1,238.0         .103 
1,1.50.3         .110 

119 
133 
132 

Total,  3  days..1    3,664.5 

32.83    

7.91 

3,501.5    

384 

Total.9days«.    11,998.8     0.  S3 

1 

99. 59     0. 20 

24.00  |  95.88 

11,. 504. 5         .095         1,141 

aThis  period  includes  the  6  days  of  experiments  Nos.  26  and  28  and  3  days  of  an  intervening  experi- 
ment not  reported  here. 


^7 

Tables  103-105  show  the  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water 
found  in  the  ventilating  air  current  in  these  two  experiments. 

Table  103.  —  Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  th>  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
riments  Nos.  96  and  28. 


Carbon  dioxid. 


Water. 


Date. 


End  of  period. 


Gain    - 
Total        or  loss  \  - ) 
amount  in         over 
chamber,     preceding 
period. 


Total  c    ■  ,  Total 

amount  of  ^,^.,\  amount 

vapor  orl^-i;-'  gained  (+) 

remaining  r.rt_^il1tT  or  losl 

in  cham-  P^Sf8  during  the 


ber. 


period. 


period.1 


1900. 
Feb.   14 
14 
14 
15 
15 

jLxptruntm  jvo.  -,'o. 
7  a.  m 

Grams. 
22. 2 
32.  3 
35.  7 
22.  x 
25.  3 

Grams. 

Grams. 
36.3    . 
36.9 
38.4 
35.5 
33.6 

Grams. 

Grams. 

1  p.m 

7  p.  m 

1  a.m 

+10. 1 

-  3.4 
-12.9 

-  2.5 

-  0.6 

-  1.5 

-  2.  9 

-  1.9 

-  0.6 

-  1.5 

-  2.9 

-  1.9 

Total 

1  p.m 

7  p.m 

-  3.1    . 

—  2.7 

07 

15 
15 

34.4 
34.8 

24. 1 

-  9.1 

-  0.4 
-10.7 

-  1.5 

37.4 
36.  9 

34.  8 
32.3 

—  3.  ;*• 

-  0.5 

-  2.1 

—  2.5 

+  3.  v 
-  0.5 

16 
16 

1  a.m 

7  a.m 

Total 

1  p.m 

-  2.1 

-  2.7    . 

-  1.3 

-  1.3 

16 
16 

30.  *> 
39.  5 
21.5 

23.  0 

+  8.7 
-18.0 
-  1.5 

35.9 
38.8 
34.4 
31.4 

-  3.6 

-  2.9 

-  4.4 

-  3.0 

-3.6 
-  2.9 

17 
17 

1  a.m 

,  a.  m 

Total 

Experiment  No.  .  - 

-  4.4 

-  3.0 

-  0.4    . 

-  0.9 

-  0.9 

Feb.    20 

26.4 
35.2 

37.  2 
24.1 
24.1 

+  8.8 

-  2.0 

-13.1 

0 

32.9    . 
39.9 
40.1 
34.  8 
30.  8 

-  7.0 

-  0.2 

-  5.3 

-  4.0 

20 
20 
21 

1  p.m 

-  7.0 

-  0.2 

-  5.3 

21 

7  a.m 

Total... 

-  4.0 

-  2.3    . 

-  2.1 

2  1 

l  p.m 

7  p.m 

21 

21 

38.0 

19.0 
26.  4 

-13.9 
-19.0 

-  7.4 

—  2.  5 

40.3 
30.2 
36.1 
35.  5 

-  9.  5 
-10.1 

-  5.9 

-  0.6 

-r    9.5 

-10.1 
5  9 

22 

Total 

1  p.  m 

7  p.m 

1  a.  m 

Total 

-  0.6 

+  4.8 

-  4.7 

-4.7 

•22 
22 
23 
23 

36.7 
39.  7 
26. 0 
28,  7 

-  3.0 
-13.7 

39.3 
36.5 
33.4 

—  3.  3 
+  0.5 

—  2.  y 

—  3.1 

-  3.3 
+  0.5 

-  3.1 

-  0.2 

-  2.1 

-   2. 1 

»The  differences  in  weight  of  the  absorbers  were  so  small  as  to  be  within  the  limit  of  error  of  the 
weighing  apparatus.    There  was  no  drip. 


88 

Table  104. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experirnenU 

Xos.  26  and  28. 


Date. 


1900. 
Feb.  14-15 


15-16 


16-17 


Feb.   20-21 


21-22 


Experiment  No.  26. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . . . 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.  in  ... 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  in  . . . 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . . 

Total 


22-23 


7  a.m.  to  1  p. m 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 
7  p.m.  to  1  a. in 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 


Total 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.m 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 


Total 

Total,  3  days 

Experiment  No.  28. 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m  ... 
1  p. m.to7  p. m  ... 
7  p.m. to  1  a.m  ... 
1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  ... 


(a) 


Carbon  dioxid. 


In  incoming 
Ventila-  air. 

tion      

(number     {b)         (c) 


of  liters 
of  air] 


Liters. 
28,762 
28,762 
30. 316 


Per 

liter. 


Total, 
axb. 


Mg.  Grams. 

0.529  15.2 

.568  16.3 

.568  17.2 


(d) 


In  out- 
going 
air. 


28,762     .555  I      16.0 


Grams. 
212. 1 
215.9 
204.1 
144.2 


(0 

Total 
excess 
in  out- 
going 
air, 
d-c. 


Grams. 

1     196.9 

199.6 

186.9 

128.2 


116, 602 


64. 


(/) 
Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 


776.3 


■11.6 


Grams. 
+10.1 
+  3.4 
-12.9 

+  2.5 


Cor- 
rected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject. 
e+f. 


(A) 


Total 
weight 
of  car- 
bon ex- 
haled, 
<7Xr3T. 


Grams. 
207.0 
203.  0 
174.0 
130.7 


Grams. 
56.5 
55.4 
47.4 
35.6 


+  3.1 


714. 


27, 985  .  556 

29. 541  .  561 

30, 316  .  550 

30,  316  .  555 


15.6 
16.6 
16.7 
16.8 


220.  0 
226.7 
204.0 
145.2 


118, 158 


.1   65.7   795.' 


29,540  .582  17.2  209.2 

30,316  .571  !  17.3  225.4 

29,540  .551  16.3  202.6 

30,316  .559  16.9  144.8 


119, 712 


782. 0 


204.  4 
210. 1 
187.3 
128.4 


730. 2 


+  9.1 
+  .4 
-10.7 
-  1.5 


213.  5 
210.5 
176.  6 
126. 9 


2.7 


727. I 


192.0 
208.1 


127.9 


+  8.2 
+  8.7 
-18.0 
+  1.5 


200.2 
216.  8 
168.3 
129.4  ! 


714.3 


■14. 


3.54,472    198.1 


27, 985 
27,208 
28, 762 
28, 762 


.572 
.576 

.578 
.  557 


16.0 
15.7 
16.6 
16.0 


2,354.2  i2,156.1 


2. 156.  9 


240.0 
231. 6 
214. 1 

1.54.  6 


224.  0 
215.9 
197.5 
138.6 


+  8.8 

+  2.0 

-13.1 

0 


232.8 
217.9 
184.4 
138.6 


Total 112,71' 


64.3  i     840.3       776.0 


2.3 


773.' 


7  a.m. to  1  p.m 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m 
7  p.m. to  1  a.m 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 


Total 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

Total.  3  da  vs. 


26,430 

.614 

16.2 

231.0 

214.8 

+  7.8 

222.6 

27,208 

.609 

16.6 

225.  0 

208.4  | 

+  3.0 

211.4 

28, 762 

.560 

16.1 

220.2 

204.1 

-13.7 

190.4 

28,  762 

.609 

17.5 

154.4 

136.9  [ 

+  2.7 

139.6 

111, 162 

66.4       830.6 

764. 2 

-     .2 

764.0 

332. 709 



198.3 

2, 514. 2 

2, 315.  9 

+  2.3 

2,318.2 

194.9 


58.2 
•V7.4 
48.2 
34.6 


198.4 


54.6 
59.1 
45.9 
35.3 


194.9 


588.  2 


63.5 
"-.9.  4 
.50.3 
37.8 


211.0 


26, 430 

.64U 

16.9 

229.  6 

212.7 

+13.9 

226.  6 

61.8 

27,208 

.637 

17.3 

235.  5 

218. 2 

-19.0 

199.2 

.54.3 

28,  762 

.597 

17.2 

227.  6 

210.4 

+  7.4  ! 

217.8 

59.4 

26, 430 

.612 

16.2 

150.6 

134.4 

+  2.5  • 

136.9 

37.3 

108, 830 

67.6   : 

843. 3 

775.  7 

+  4.8 

780.5 

212. 8 

60.7 
57.6 
51.9 
38.1 


208.  3 


632.1 


89 


Table  105. — Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current- 

and  28. 


Metabolism  experiments  Nos. 


Period. 

(a) 

£^ 
11 

ll 

BIS 

ll 

Water  in  in- 
coming air. 

Water 

n  outgoing  air. 

(9) 

£  to 

I'l 
-1     - 

Correction    f  o  r  ^ 
water  remaining  > 
in  chamber. 

O  9)     . 

!» 

Date. 

0) 

(c) 

X 

e 

(d) 

C  5c  n 

S  c  o 
O  y  p 

< 

(c) 

fl  «  <D 

+>S3 

I  SB 

< 

Grams. 

if) 
+ 

1900. 

Experiment  No. 26. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Gravis. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Fell.    11-15 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

28,  762 

0.816 

23.5 

197.3 

47.6 

244.9 

221.4 

+  0.6 

222. 0 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . 

28, 762 

.852 

24.5 

196.1 

42.2 

238. 3 

213.8 

+  1.5 

215. 3 

7  p.m. to  1  a. m  . 

30, 316 

.828 

25.1 

184.6 

49.0 

233.6 

208.5 

-  2.9 

205. 6 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 
Total 

28, 762 

.833 

24.0 

171.3 

40.8 

212.1 

188.1 

-  1.9 

186.2 

116, 602 

97.1 

749.3 

179. 6 

928.9 

831.8 

-  2.7 

829. 1 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

15-1(3 

27,985 

.867 

24.3 

179.7 

42.7 

222.  4 

198.1 

+  3.8 

201.  9 

1  p.m. to  7  p.m. 

29.  541 

.890 

26.3 

195.0 

43.0 

238.0 

211.  7 

-     .5 

211.2 

7  p.  m.  to  1a.m. 

30,  316 

.860 

26.1 

185. 5 

47.6 

233. 1 

207.  0 

-   2.1 

204.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
Total 

30, 316 

.828 

25.1 

174.1 

42.1 

216.2 

191.1 

-  2.5 

188.6 

118, 158 

101.8 

734.3 

175.4 

909.7 

807.9 

-   1.3 

806.6 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

16-17 

29,  540 

.828 

24.5 

182. 3 

44.7 

227.  0 

202.5 

+  3.6 

206.1 

1  p.  m.  to  "p.m. 

30,  316 

.820 

24.9 

188.8 

43.0 

231.8 

206.9 

+  2.9 

209.8 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  . 

29, 540 

.824 

24.3 

184.9 

45.2 

230.1 

205.8 

-  4.4 

201.  4 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m  . 
Total 

30, 316 

.795 

24.1 

168.9 

40.4 

209.3 

185.2 

-  3.0 

182.2 

119,  712 

97.8 

724. 9 

173.3 

898.2 

800.4 

-     .9 

799.  5 

Total,  3  days... 
Experiment  No.28. 

354, 472 

296.7 

2,  208.  5 

528.3 

2,  736. 8 

2, 440. 1 

-  4.9 

2, 435. 2 

Feb.   20-21 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

27,985 

.836 

23.4 

204.6 

43.7 

248.3 

224.9 

+  7.0 

231. 9 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . 

27,208 

..845 

23.0 

203.6 

37.6 

241.2 

218,2 

+     .2 

218.4 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m  . 

28, 762 

.850 

24.4 

191.4 

43.1 

234.5 

210.1 

-  5.3 

204.8 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
Total 

28, 762 

.836 

24.0 

170.2 

39.3 

209.5 

185.5 

-  4.0 

181. 5 

112, 717 

94.8 

769.  8 

163.7 

933.  5 

838.7 

-  2.1 

836.6 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  . 

21-22 

26, 430 

.848 

22.4 

186.4 

38.9 

225.  3 

202.  9 

+  9.5 

212.4 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . 

27, 208 

.806 

21.9 

201.4 

38.2 

239.6 

217.  7 

-10.1 

207.6 

7  p.m. to  1  a.m  . 

28, 762 

.867 

24.9 

187.9 

43.9 

231.8 

206.9 

+  5.9 

212.8 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
Total 

26,  430 

.796 

21.0 

166.7 

35.9 

202.6 

181.6 

-     .6 

181.0 

108, 830 

90.2 

23.8 

742.  4 

156.9 

899.3 

809.1 

+  4.7 

813.8 

7  a.m. to  1  p. m  . 

22-23 

2G, 430 

.899 

185.  2 

39.2 

224.  4 

200.  6 

+  3.3 

203.9 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . 

27,208 

.890 

24.2 

194.8 

37.4 

232.2 

208. 0 

+     .5 

208. 5 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m  . 

28,  762 

.917 

26.4 

183.7 

43.9 

227.6 

201.2 

-  2.8 

198.4 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m  . 
Total 

28, 762 

.816 

23.5 

167.0 

39.4 

206.4 

182.9 

-  3.1 

179.8 

111, 162 

97.9 

730.7 

159.9 

890.6 

792.  7 

-  2.1 

790.6 

Total.  3  days... 

332, 709 

282.9 

2, 242. 9 

480.5 

2, 723.  4 

2,  440.  5 

-      .5 

2,  441.  0 

90 

The  heat  carried  away  by  the  water  current  and  the  latent  heat  of 
vaporization  of  water  in  experiments  Xos.  26  and  28  are  shown  in 
Table  106. 

Table  106. — Sam/nary  of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  26 

and  §8. 


(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 
Water 

(/) 

iff) 

Date. 

Period. 

Heat 
measured 
in  terms 

of  Co0. 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calo- 
rimeter, 
6x60. 

Correc- 
tion due 
to  tem- 
perature 
of  food 

and 
dishes. 

vapo- 
rized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 

con- 
densed 

Heat 
used  in 

vapori- 
zation of 

water, 
ex  0.592. 

Total 
heat 

deter- 
mined, 

u-c- 
d+f. 

in 

chamber. 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  26. 

Calories. 

Degree. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Grants. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Feb.  14-15 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 

525. 5 

-0.2 

-1.2 

-  2.1 

222. 0 

131.4 

653.6 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m  .. 

453.  2 

-  .1 

-   .6 

-  3.9 

215.3 

127.5 

576. 2 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 

350.9 

-  .1 

-  .6 

+  7.7 

205.  6 

121.7 

479.7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 
Total 

254. 5 

+  .5 

+3.0 

0 

186.2 

110.2 

367.7 

1,584.] 

+  .1 

+  .6 

+  1.7 

829. 1 

490.8 

2.  077.  2 

15-16 


16-17 


Feb    20-21 


21-22 


22-23 


1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m  . . 
7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m. 


Total. 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 
1  p.m. to  7  p. m  .. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  3days. 

Experiment  Xo.  -2S. 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m  .. 
1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 


7  a.m.  to  1  p.  rn  .. 
1  p.m.  to  7  p. m  .. 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m  .. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 


Total 


7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m  . . 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m  .. 
7  p.m. to  1  a.  m  .. 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m  .. 

Total 

Total,  3  days. 


522.8 

0 

0 

+     •  - 

201.  9 

119.5 

642.  5 

465.  5 

.1 

-  .6 

-  3.8 

211.2 

125.0 

586.1 

388.2 

+ 

.1 

-f  .6 

+  6.1 

204.  9 

121.  3 

516.2 

241.  8 

+ 

.3 

+  1.8 

C 

188.6 

111.7 

355.3 

1.618.3 

+ 

.3 

+  1.8 

+  2.5 

806.6 

477.5 

2, 100. 1 

510.  7 

0 

0 

-  3.1 

206.1 

122. 0 

635.  8 

468.9 

0 

0 

—     .  7 

209. 8 

124. 2 

592,  4 

371.4 

+ 

.1 

+  .6 

+  9.6 

201.4 

119.2 

500.8 

241.3 

0 

0 

0 

182.  2 

107.9 

349.2 

1,592.3 

+ 

.1 

+0.6 

+12.  C 

799.5 

473.3 

2. 078.  2 

4.7V»4.7    

+3.0 

+  16.2 

2,  435. 2 

1.441.6 

6.  255.  5 

526.0 

0 

0 

-     .3 

231.9 

137.3 

663.0 

472.  5 

0 

0 

-     .8 

218. 4 

129. 3 

601.0 

361.9 

- 

.3 

-1.8 

+  3.9 

204.  8 

121.2 

485.2 

239. 1 

+ 

.3 

+1.8 

181.5 

107.4 

348.3 

1,599.5 

0 

0 

+  2.8 

836.6 

495. 2 

2. 097. 5 

501.0 

0 

0 

+  2.1 

212.  4 

125.  7 

628. 8 

141.5 

0 

0 

-  3.6 

207.6 

122.9 

560. 8 

393.6 

+ 

.2 

+  1.2 

+  4.1 

212.  8 

126. 0 

524.9 

253.  6 

0 

0 

181.0 

107. 2 

360.8 

1.589.7 

+ 

.2 

+  1.2 

+  2.6 

M3.8 

481.8 

2.075.3 

507.7 

0 

0 

+  1.0 

203.9 

120.7 

629.4 

456.2 

0 

0 

-   7.0 

208.5 

123. 4 

572. 6 

378.6 

+ 

.1 

+0.6 

+  8.2 

198.4 

117.5 

504.9 

251. 7 

0 

0 

179.8 

106.4 

35a  i 

1.594.2 

+ 

.1 

+0.6 

+  2.2 

790.6 

468.0 

2, 065. 0 

4.  783.  4 

4-1.8 

+  7.6 

2,441.0 

1,445.0 

6.237.8 

91 

Balance  of  vnconu  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy, — Tables  107-110 
summarize  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
energy  in  this  series  of  experiments. 

Table  107. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  96 

and  28. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date. 

(a) 

In 
food. 

(6) 

In 

feces. 

(c) 

In 
urine. 

{el) 
Gam 

or  loss 

(-), 

a  - 

(&  +  C). 

(c) 

In 
food. 

(/) 

In 
feces. 

(0) 

In 
urine. 

(h) 

In 
respir- 
atory 
prod- 
ucts. 

(*) 

Gain 

(  +  ) 

or  loss 

(-), 

e-(f+ 

9+h). 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  26. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Feb.  14-15. 7  a.  in.  to  7  a.m.. 

15.9 

1.1 

16.6 

-1.8 

233. 2 

9.4 

11.9 

194.9 

+17.0 

15-16,7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

15.9 

1.1 

15.1 

-0.3 

233.  2 

9.5 

10.8 

198.4 

+14.5 

16-17,7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

15.9 

1.1 

14.4 

+0.4 

233.2 

9.4 

10.4 

194. 9 

+18.5 

Total,  3  days 

47.7 

3.3 

46.1 

-1.7 

699.6 

28.3 

33.1 

588. 2 

+50.0 

Average.  1  day 

15.9 

1.1 

15.4 

-0.6 

233.  2 

9.4 

11.0 

196.1 

+16.7 

Experiment  Xo.  28. 

Feb.  20-21, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 

15.8 

1.2 

15.9 

-1.3 

245.8 

10.0 

11.4 

211.0 

+13.4 

21-22.7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

15.7 

1.3 

15.  2 

-0.8 

245. 8 

10.0 

10.9 

212.8 

+12.1 

22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 

15.8 

1.2 

14.7 

-0.1 

245.  8 

10.0 

10.5 

208.  3 

+17.0 

Total.  3  days 

47.3 

3.7 

45.8 

-2.2 

737.4 

30.0 

32.8 

632.1 

+42. 5 

Average,  1  day 

15.8 

1.2 

15.  3 

-0.7 

245.8 

10.0 

10.9 

210.  7 

+14.2 

Table  108. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  expi  riments  Xos.  26 

and  28. 


Water. 

Date, 

(a) 
In  food. 

(6) 

In  drink. 

(c) 

In  feces. 

(d) 
In  urine. 

(e) 
In  respir- 
ator y 
products. 

Apparent 

loss,  a+b 

-(c+d+ 

e). 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  26. 

Feb.  14-15, 7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

Grams. 
1,046.3 
1,046.3 
1,046.3 

Grams. 
800 
800 
800 

Grams. 
57.0 
57.0 
57.0 

Grams. 
1,157.3 
1, 472. 4 
1,289.0 

Grams. 
829. 1 
806.6 
799.5 

Grams. 
-197.1 

15-16, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-489.  7 

16-17,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

—299. 2 

Total.  3  davs 

3,138.9 
1,046.3 

2.400 
800 

171.0 
57.0 

3,918.7 
1,306.2 

2, 435.  2 

811.7 

-986.0 

-328.  6 

Experiment  X<>. 98. 

Feb  20-21,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

21-22,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,040.0 
1,040.0 
1,040.0 

800 
800 
800 

51.7 

51.8 
51.7 

1,113.2 
1,238.0 

1,150.3 

836.6 

813.8 
790.6 

-161.5 
—263.6 

22-23, 7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

-152.6 

Total,  3  days 

Average.  1  dav 

3.120.0 
1,040.0 

2,400 
800 

155.2 
51.7 

3,501.5 
1,167.2 

2,441.0 
813.7 

-577.  7 
-192.6 

92 


Table  108. — Incorm 


and  outgo  of  vjater  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  26 
a  nd  28 — Cont  inued . 


Hydrogen. 

Date. 

(9)              (h) 
In  food.    In  feces. 

(i)              (I)               (m) 

Apparent  Loss  from 
In  urine,  gain,  {g—    water,  / 
[h+i).          h-9. 

(n)  ■ 

Total 

gain(  +  ) 

or  loss 

(-).M-wi. 

1900. 
Experiment  Xo.  26. 

Grams.      Grams. 
33.9  ;          1.1 

33.8  1.2 

33.9  1.1 

Grams.       Grams. 
2.9         +29.9 
2.6  ,       +30.0 
2.5         +30.3 

Grams. 

-  21.9 

-  -54.4 

-  33.2 

Gravis. 

+  8.0 

-24.  4 

16-17,7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m 

-  2.9 

Total,  3  davs 

101.6              3.4 
33.9              1-1 

8.0  j       +90.2 
2.7  1       +30.1 

-109.  5 
-  36.5 

—19.3 

Average.  1  dav 

-6.4 

Experiment  No.  28. 

Feb.  20-21, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

22-23,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

35.8 
35.  8 

35.8 

1.3 
1.4 
1.3 

2.8         +31.7 
2.6  1       +31.8 
2.5         +32.0 

-  17.9 

-  29.3 

-  17.0 

+13.8 
-  2.5 
-15.0 

Total.  3  davs 

107.4 
35.8 

4.0 
1.3 

7.9         +95.5 
2.7  !       +31.8 

-  64.2 

-  21.4 

-r31.3 

-10.4 

Table  109. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  {NX  6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  26  and  28. 


Date, 

(a) 

Nitrogen 
gained 

<  -  |  or 
lost  (-). 

m 

Protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-), 
ax6.25. 

(c) 

Total 
carbon 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-). 

(d) 
Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(  +  )  or 
lost  (-), 
6x0.53. 

Carbon 

in  fat, 

etc.. 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 

c-d. 

(/) 

Fat 

gained 

(+)  or 

lost  (— ), 

e-^0.761. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  26. 

Feb.  14-15, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 
-1.8 
-  .3 
+  .4 

Grams. 
-11.2 
-  1.9 
+  2.5 

Grams. 
-17.0 
+14.5 

+18.5 

Grams. 
-5.9 
-1.0 
+1.3 

Grams. 
+22.9 
+15. 5 
+17.2 

Grams. 
+30.1 

-20.  4 

+22. 6 

Total ,  3  davs 

-1.7 
-  .6 

-10.6 
-  3.5 

+50.0 
+16.7 

-5.6 
-1.8 

-55.6 

4-18.  5 

+73.1 

+24.4 

Experiment  No.  28. 
Feb.  20-21, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

-1.3 

-  .8 

-  .1 

-  8.1 

-  5.0 

-  .6 

-13.4 
+  12. 1 
+17.0 

-4.3 
-2.7 
-  .3 

+  17.7 

-14.8 
-17.3 

-23.3 

21-22,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

-19.4 

22-23,7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

-22.  7 

Total.  3  da  vs 

-2.2 

—  .  7 

-13.7 

-  4.5 

+42.5 
+  14.2 

-7.3 
-2.4 

+49.8 
+16.6 

-65.  4 

-21. 8 

93 

Table  109.  —  Gain  m  loss  of  protein  (NX6.g5)1  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiments 

Xos.  96  and  98 — Continued. 


Date 

is) 

Total 
hydrogen 
gained  ( + ) 
or  lost 

(A) 

Hydrogen     Hydrogen 
in" protein         in  fat 
gained  (+)  gained   - 
orlost(  — ).   orlost(-), 
6x0.07.         /X0.118. 

(*) 

Hydrogen 
in  water.         "Water 
etc..  trained  gained (,  +  ) 
(  +  )  or  lost  or  lost  (  — ), 

(-),              *x9. 
g-{h- 

1900. 

Experinu  nt  No.  96. 

Feb.  14-15,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams 

-  8.0 
-24.  4 

-  2.9 

Gram. 
-  .1 

Grams. 
-3.6 
+2.  4 
j_2  7 

Grams. 
+  5.2 

-26.7 
—  5.  S 

Grams. 

-  46.  S 

-240.3 

-  52.2 

Total .  3  da  vs 

-19.3 

-  6.4 

—  •  " 

—  2.  it 

-27.3 
-  9.1 

-245.7 

-  SI.  9 

Experiment  No.  -7>. 
Feb. 20-21. 7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

+13.  8 
+  2.5 
+15. 0 

-  .6 

-  .3 

+2.7 
-2.3 
+2.7 

+11.7 
+     .5 
+12. 3 

+105. 3 

-     4.5 

22-23.  7a.rn.to7a.rn 

+110.7 

Total .  3  days 

-31.3 
+10.4 

-  .9 

-  .3 

-2.  5 

+24.5 

+  S.2 

-220.  5 
+  73.5 

Table  110. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiments  No*.  96  and  98. 


(a) 

: 

(o)          (d)     |     (e) 

if) 

iff) 

(A) 

(0 

Date. 

Heat 
of  com- 
bus- 
tion of 
food 
eaten. 

Heat 
of  com- 
bus- 
tion of 
feces. 

Esti-    |    Esti- 
mated   mated 
heat  of  heat  of 
Heat    '    com-       com- 
ofcom-  bustion     bos- 
bos-      of  pro-    tion  of 
tion  of      tein         fat 
urine,    gained  gained 

Esti- 
mated 
energy 
of  ma- 
terial 
oxi- 
dized 
in  the 
bodv. 

Heat 
deter- 
mined. 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(+ \  or 
less(-) 

than 

esti- 

Heat 
deter- 
mined 
greater 
(  +  )or 
lea   -) 
than 
esti- 

V-t- I  ui 

lost 

(-). 

lost 

a-(b+ 
c+el 

-e). 

mated. 

o-f- 

mated, 

1900. 

Experiment  No. 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

Calo- 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

ries. 

rus. 

ries. 

ries. 

Per.  et. 

Feb.  14-15. 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . . 

2.490 

106 

125 

-64 

+287 

2.036 

2.  077 

+  41 

+2.0 

15-16.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . . 

2.490 

106 

125 

-11 

+195 

2. 075 

2.100 

-  25 

+  1.2 

16-17.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . . 

2.  490 

106 

135 

-14 

+216 

2.019 

2.  07^ 

+  59 

+2.9 

Total.  3  days 

7.470 

318 

-61 

+698 

6. 130 

6. 255 

+125 

Average.  1  day 

2,490 

106 

128 

-•20 

-233 

2.  043 

2,085 

+  42 

-2.  0 

Experinu  nt  No.  -  • 

Feb.  20-21. 7  a.  m.  to  7a.m... 

2,489 

112 

119 

-47        -222 

-     S 

2.097 

+  14 

+  .7 

21-22. 7  a.  m.  to 7  a.  m. . . 

112 

133 

-29       +185 

2,088 

2,075 

-  13 

-  .6 

22-23.7  a.m.  to 7 a.m... 

2, 189 

112 

132 

-  3        -217 

2. 031 

2.  065 

-  34          +1.7 

Total.  3davs 

7,467 

336 

384 

-79        -624 

6.202 

6.  237 

+  35    

Average,!  day 

2, 489 

112 

128 

-26        +208 

2.067 

2.  079 

-  12         +  .6 

94 

METABOLISM  EXPERIMENTS  NOS.  29  AND  31. 

Subject. — J.  F.  S.,  the  same  person  as  in  experiments  Nos.  25,  26, 
and  28,  His  weight,  with  underclothing',  was  about  64.5  kilograms 
(142  pounds). 

Occupation  during  experiment. — Worked  8  hours  a  day  upon  a  sta- 
tionary bicycle  arranged  as  an  ergometer,  as  described  on  page  20. 
The  voltage  of  the  electric  current  generated  was  measured,  and  the 
average  number  of  pedal  revolutions  per  minute  observed.  The  cur- 
rent generated  was  passed  through  resistance  within  the  chamber  and 
thus  transformed  into  heat,  which  was  measured  with  the  heat  given 
off  by  the  subject.  The  actual  amount  of  work  done  each  day  was 
found  by  determining  the  watts  required  to  drive  the  bicycle  ergometer 
at  the  rate  maintained  by  the  subject  during  the  experiment. 

Duration. — Experiments  Xos.  29  and  31  were  the  first  and  third 
of  a  series  of  3,  each  of  3  days*  duration.  The  intervening  experiment 
is  not  reported  here.  The  usual  preliminary  period  continued  •!  days, 
beginning  with  breakfast  March  12,  1900.  On  the  evening  of  the 
fourth  day.  March  15,  the  subject  entered  the  calorimeter.  Experi- 
ment No.  29  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  16,  and  ended  at  7  a.  m.  March  19. 
Experiment  No.  31  began  at  7  a.  m.  March  22,  and  ended  at  7  a.  m. 
March  25. 

Diet. — The  aim  of  this  series  of  experiments  was  to  study  the  rela- 
tive replacing  power  of  isodynamic  quantities  of  different  materials 
when  the  subject  was  at  active  exercise.  There  was.  as  usual,  a  basal 
ration  supplemented  by  different  materials.  This  basal  ration  was  the 
same  in  both  experiments,  with  the  exception  of  slight  differences  due 
to  variations  in  the  composition  of  the  milk  consumed.  It  furnished 
approximately  100  grams  of  protein  and  2,980  calories  of  energy  per 
day.  To  this  ration  was  added  128  grams  of  cane  sugar  per  day.  fur- 
nishing 507  calories  of  energy  in  experiment  No.  29.  and  63.5  grams 
of  butter  per  day,  furnishing  1  gram  of  protein  and  511  calories  of 
energy,  in  experiment  No.  31.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food 
served  at  each  meal  and  the  quantities  of  drink  at  different  periods 
of  the  day  were  as  follows: 

Table  111. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Xos.  29  and  31. 
FOOD— BASAL  RATION. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef  ..                         

Grams. 

Grams. 

58 

23 

300 

150 

25 

Gnms. 

Grams. 
58 

Butter 

12 
300 
75 
25 
37.5 
12.5 

12 
300 
75 
25 
37.5 
12.5 

47 

Milk,  whole 

900 

Bread 

300 

75 

75 

25 

95 

FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION. 

Experiment  No.  ?9,  March  16-18. — One  hundred  and  twenty-eight  grams  of  cane  sngar  daily  in  the 
form  of  loaf  sugar,  taken  with  and  between  meals.    This  amount  also  supplemented  the  basal  ration 

during  the  preliminary  experiment  March  12-15. 

Experiment  No.  SI.  March  S8-ZU.— The  additional  energy  during  this  experiment  was  furnished  by 
63.5  grams  butter. 

DRINK. 


Time. 


Water. 


Time. 


Water. 


1  Grams. 

Breakfast 150 

10.15  a.  m 200 

Dinner 200 

4.00  p.  m 200 

Supper 150 


Gra7ns. 

9.00  p.  m 200 

10.20  p.m 150 

Total  for  day 1. 250 


Daily  routine. — The  general  plan  of  the  series  of  experiments  is 
indicated  in  the  following  schedule: 

Table  112. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31. 


6.50  a.  in 

Take  pulse  and  temperature 

•4.00  p.m 

Stop  work,  drink  200  grams  water. 

7.00  a.  m 

Pass  urine,  weigh   self,  collect 

4.15  p.m 

Begin  work. 

drip,  and  weigh  absorbers. 

6.15  p.m 

Stop  work,  change  underclothing. 

7.30  a.  m 

Breakfast.drink  150  grams  water. 

6.20  p.m 

Supper,  drink  150  grams  water. 

8.15  a.m 

Begin  work. 

6.50  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

9.15  a.m 

Stop  work. drink  200  grams  water. 

7.00  p.m 

Pass    urine,   weigh   self,    collect 

10.30  a.m 

Begin  work. 

drip,  and  weigh  absorbers. 

12.30  p.  m 

Stop  work. 

9.00  p.  m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

12.50  p.m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.00  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

1.00  p.  m 

Pass    urine,    collect   drip,    and 

10.10  p.m 

Arrange  bed. 

weigh  absorbers. 

10.20  p.m 

Drink  150  grains  water. 

1.25  p.m 

Dinner,  drink  200  grams  water. 

10.30  p.m 

Retire. 

2.00  p.m 

Begin  work. 

1.00  a.m 

Pass  urine. 

Table  113  gives  a  condensed  summary  of  the  more  important  statis- 
tics in  the  diary  kept  by  the  subject. 


96 


Table  113.- 

-Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29  aid  31. 

Time. 

Weight  of 
subject  in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 

rate  per 
minute. 

106 

112 

111 

86 

Temper- 
ature. 

Time. 

Weight  of 
subject  in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 

rate  per 
minute. 

Temper- 
ature. 

1900. 

Preliminary  obser- 
vation. 

Mar.  15, 9.40  a.  m 

Kgs. 

°F~. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  29— 
Continued. 

Mar   18,  10.20  p.  m... 

Kgs. 

66 

0R 

10.25  p.  m... 

96  4 

12m    



Experiment  No.  31. 

Mar.  22,  6.55  a.  m.... 
7  a.  m 

64.09 

65 

12  55  p.  m... 

97.8 

7  p.  m 

64.51 

97.6 

92 

87 

71 

90 
85 
87 
90 
79 
101 
108 
102 
88 
83 
82 
66 
92 
96 
94 
94 
74 
93 
98 
93 
94 
77 
76 

99.0 
98.4 

97.6 

9  a.  m 

93 
87 
90 
87 
67 
99 
93 
97 
93 
71 

10  a.  m 

63.85 

11  a.  m 

Experiment  No  29. 

12  m 

Mar.  16,  7  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

97.8 

9  a.  m 

3  p.  m 

10  a.  m 

11  a.  m 

12  m 

6  p.  m 

1  p.  m 

98.5 

6.55  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

8  p.  m 

64.55 

76 
70 
67 
68 

97.5 

9  p.  m 

97.0 

10.12  p.  m... 
Mar  23  6  55  a.  m 

96.5 

7  p.  m 

64.78 

97.6 

98.2 
97.4 

7  a.  m 

64.24 

Mar.  17,  7  a.  m 

64.76 

100 
92 
89 
89 
97 
94 
89 
90 
74 
75 
68 
66 
65 
89 
95 
86 
88 
68 

10  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

12  m 

12  n 

98.4 

6  p.  m 

7p.m 

8  p.  m 

64.68 

97.6 

97.5 

7  p.  m 

8  08  p  m    . 

65.12 

97.9 

10.10  p.  m... 

97.6 
97.4 

Mar.  24,  6.55  a.  m.... 

64.38 

75 
69 

10  a.  m 

96.9 
97.3 

Mar.  18,  7  a.  m 

64.76 

65 
88 
93 
91 
92 
69 
91 
95 
95 
93 
79 
74 

12  m 

12.55  p.  m... 

97.8 

3  p.  m 

98 
98 
91 
90 
76 
73 
71 

12  m 

98.0 

6  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

8  p.  m 

64.90 

97.4 

97.3 

7  p.  m 

64.96 

97.8 

96.9 

10.05  p.  m... 

66 

97.4 
97.2 

10.10  p.  m... 

96.7 

9.15  p.  m  ... 

77 

Mar.  25,  6.55  a.  m 

64.49 

68 

97.9 

97 

Amount  of  work  done. — The  total  number  of  miles  registered  by  the 
cyclometer  on  the  different  days  of  this  series  of  experiments  and  the 
heat  equivalent  of  the  work  done  each  day  are  shown  in  Table  114.  It 
is  altogether  improbable  that  the  amount  of  work  done  could  have 
been  as  large  as  would  be  required  to  propel  a  bicycle,  under  ordinary 
conditions,  the  distance  indicated  by  the  cyclometer. 

Table  114. — Record  >>/  work  dont — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31. 


Date  and  time. 


Cyclometer 
reading. 


Number         Actual 
of  miles.       duration 
of  work. 


(b) 
Rate. 


(c) 

Heat 
equivalent, 

0.2378 


1900. 

Experiment  y     89. 

8.15  a.m 


Mar.  16 

16.  10.15  a.m... 

12.30  p.m... 

16.    4.00p.m... 

16.    6.15p.m... 

Total 


Mar.  17.  10.15  a.m. 

17.  12.30  p.  m . 

17.    4.00  p.m. 

15  p.m. 

Total 


Mar.  In  10.15  a.m. 
1>.  12 

In    4.00p.m. 
15  p.m. 

Total 

Total.  3  days 

Mar.  2 


Mar. 


23.  10.15  a.m.. 

23.  12.30  p.m.. 

23.    4.00  p.m.. 

1'p.m.. 




Mar. 


24.  10.15  a.m. 
21.  12.30  p.m. 
24.  4.00p.m. 
24.    6.15  p.m. 

Total 

Total.  3  days. 


666.0 

57 
708.  4 

■_     3 
751.1 


-  1   - 

m 

906.9 

930.  4 


nds.  Watts.  Calories. 

21.5               7.200  42.0  72 

20.9               7.2lX>  39.7  68 

21.4  7.200  09.5 
21.3  37.7 

85.1  28,560    270 

35.  5 

6               7. 200  37. 0 

2               4. 9S0  42. 4 

24.8  7.200  39.0 

-     -  -     340    239 

23.9  7,200  36.5  62 

23.2  7,200  35. 7  61 
21.9               7.200  37.4  04 

23.5  J   -  40.0  69 

•-  '  28,800    2-56 

_  L4  B3.700    765 


772.  3 

21.2 

35.5 

59 

795.  9 

23.  6 

7.  200 

37.0 

63 

813. 1 

17.2 

4.  9S0 

42.4 

50 

Experiment  No. 

22.  10.15  a.m 

1.194.4 

21.2 

7,200 

37.4 

64 

22.  12.30  p.  m 

1,218.0 

23.  6 

7.200 

22.    4.00  p.  m 

1.240.9 

22.  9 

7.200 

39.0 

22.    6.15/p.  m 

1,262.9 

22.  0 

7. 200 

37.0 

63 

Total  ..." 

-  ■  " 

28,800    ... 

260 

L.2S     3 

1,306.8 

1.329.9 
1.  351.  4 


_  - 
17.1 
23.1 

21.  5 


7. 200 

7.200 
7.  200 
7.200 


>8  - 


96.0 


27.  -40 


37.0 
37.4 
34.4 


1,375   • 

24.4 

7.  200 

37.0 

63 

1.400.7 

24.9 

7.  200 

3^.7 

61 

1.423.7 

23.0 

6.  240 

3-5.7 

53 

1.447.4 

23.  7 

7.200 

34.9 

60 

- 


13007— No.  109—02- 


98 

Detailed  data  of  income  and  outgo. — The  quantities  of  nutrients 
in  the  basal  and  supplemental  rations  during1  this  series  of  experi- 
ments are  shown  in  Table  LI 5.  The  outgo  of  matter  and  energy 
in  the  feces  during  the  successive  experiments  is  shown  in  Table  11(3. 
Tables  117  and  118  show  the  amount  and  composition  of  the  urine  in 
experiments  Nos.  29  and  31. 

Table  115. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heal  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experi- 
ments Nos.  29  and  31. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Food  materials. 

Weight 
per  day. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Pat. 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat 

of 
com- 
bus- 
tion. 

3186 

Beef 

Grams. 
58 
47 
300 
75 
75 
25 

Grams. 

35. 0 

4.3 

109.5 

3.1 

3.1 

Grams. 

20.7 

.6 

28.2 
4.7 
9.0 

drams. 
1.7 
40.6 
6.0 
6.2 
1.1 

Grams. 

152. 4 

59.  9 
60.4 
25.  0 

Grams. 
3.32 

.09 
4.50 

.  75 
1.44 

Grams. 
12. 12 
30.60 
ST.  42 
33.  24 
32. 04 
10. 52 

Grams. 

1.73 
*   4.91 
12.90 
4.96 
4.72 
1.62 

Calo- 
ries. 
135 

3187 
3192 

Butter 

378 
879 

3181 

333 

3193 

Parched  cereal 

Sugar 

Basal  ration,  exclu- 
sive of  milk 

EXPERIMENT  NO.  29. 

Milk,  whole 

Total  basal  ration.. 
Loaf  sugar   (supple- 
mental ration) 

Total  ration,  1  day. 

EXPERIMENT  NO.  31. 

Basal   ration,   exclu- 
sive of  milk 

Milk,  whole 

Total  basal  ration.. 
Butter  (supplement- 

315 
99 

3189 

580 
900 

155. 0 
760.5 

63.2 
36.9 

55.6 
50.4 

297.  7 
45.0 

10.10 
5.94 

205.  94 
73.80 

30.84 
11.34 

2, 139 

s41 

1,480 
128 

915.5 

100.1 

106.0 

342.  7 
128.0 

16.04 

279. 74 
53.89 

42.  is 

8  29 

2,  980 

.",1)7 

1,608 

915.5 

100.1 

106.0 

470.7 

16.04 

333.63 

50.47    3.4S7 

3191 

580 
900 

155.0 
760.5 

63.2 
36.9 

56. 6 
50.4 

297.  7 
45.0 

10.10 
5.85 

205.  94 
74.25 

30. 84     2, 139 
11.34         845 

3187 

1,480 
63.5 

915.5 

5.8 

100.1 

.8 

106.0 
54.8 

342.7 

15.95 
.13 

280. 19 
41.34 

42.18 
6.63 

2,  984 
'  SI 1 

Total  ration,  1  day. 

1,543.5 

921.1 

100.9 

160.8 

MM 

16.08 

321. 53 

4S.S1 

3.495 

Table  116. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experi- 
ments Nos.  29  and  31. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 

Weight 
of  feces. 

Water. 

Pro-        .,.        ^v;1"1-     Xitro- 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

Experiment  No.  29. 

3195     Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day  . . . 

Grams. 

177.0 
59.0 

Grams. 

123.7 

41.2 

Grams,   annus.   Grams.   Grams.  Grams.    Grams. 

15.9          9.D         18.2         2.55       25.01           3.6 

5. 3  |        3. 0           6. 1           .  85         8. 34           1 . 2 

Calories. 

279 
93 

Experiment  No.  SI. 

3197      Total.  3  days 

Average,  1  day... 

160.1       108.1         15.2           8.2 
53.4         36.0           5.1           2.7 

18.1          2.43 
6.0           .81 

24.  32           3.  4 
8.11            1.1 

272 
91 

99 

Table  117. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine,  by  6-hour  periods — Metab- 
olism experiments  Xos.  29  and  31. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Specific 

gravity. 

Nitrogen 

content. 

1900. 

Mar    16  17 

Experiment  Xo.  29. 

Grams. 
169. 5 
215. 7 
171.2 
138.5 

1.032 
1.032 
1. 035 
1.034 

Per  cent. 
2.14 
1.99 
2.39 
2.33 

Grams. 
3.63 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.m.  to  1  a. m 

4.29 

4.09 
3.  23 

Total 

694.9 
694.9 

15.  24 

1.034 

2.21 

15.36 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  "A.  m 

17-18 

189.2 
252.  6 
183.6 
151.8 

1.031 
1.031 
1.033 
1.032 

2.05 
1.83 
2.26 
2.28 

3.88 
4.  62 
4.15 
3.46 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

777.2 
777.  2 

16.11 

1.031 

2.06 

16.01 

18-19 

227.  5 
342.0 
182. 1 
139.2 

1.029 
1.029 
1.032 
1. 032 

1.75 
1.44 
2.15 

2.27 

3.98 

4.92 
3.91 
3.16 

890.8 
890.8 

15.  97 

1.030 



1.80 

16.  03 

Total  3  days,  by  periods 

Total  by  composite 

Experiment  No.  31. 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

2,362.9 
2, 362.  9 

47.  32 

47.  4U 

Mar.  22-23 

252. 3 
247.3 
172.3 
140.4 

1.027 
1.030 
1.033 
1.031 

1.62 
1.83 
2.39 
2.36 

4.09 
4.  53 

4.12 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

.     Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m • 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

la.rn.to7a.rn 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

Total  3  days,  by  periods 

Total  by  composite 

3.31 

812.3 
812.3 

16.  05 

1.030 

1.99 

16. 16 

23-24 

213.  2 
267.  0 
173.3 
137.0 

1.029 
1.028 
1.031 
1.032 

1.84 
1.62 
2.22 
2. 29 

3.92 
4.33 
3.85 
3.14 

790.5 
790.5 

15.24 

1.030 

1.91 

15. 10 

21-25 

240.  3 
293.  5 
188.0 
158.2 

1.028 
1.028 
1.033 
1.032 

1.  55 
1.40 
2.04 
2.12 

3.72 
4.11 
3.84 
3.35 

880.0 
880.0 

15.  02 

1.030 

1.72 

15.14 

2, 482. 8 
2,482.8 

46.  31 

16.  40 

8,006.2 

1.78 

142  50 

3  Including  3  days  of  an  experiment  not  here  reported. 


100 

Table  118. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  water,  and  energy  in  urine — Metab- 
olism experiments  Nos.  29  and  31. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 

of  urine. 

Carbon. 

Water. 

Heat  of  com- 
bustion. 

Per 
gram. 

Total. 

1900. 
Mar.  16-17 
17-18 
18-19 

Experiment  No.  29. 

7  a.m. to  7  a. m 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Grams. 
694.9 
777.2 
890.8 

P.ct. 

Grams. 
10.78 
11.39 
11.29 

P.ct. 

Grams. 
2.86 
3.03 
3.00 

P.ct. 

Grams. 
641.0 
720.3 
834.3 

Calorie. 

0.193 

.173 

.150 

Calories. 
134 
134 
134 

2, 362. 9 

33.46 

8.89 

2, 195. 6 

402 

Experiment  No.  31. 

7  a.m. to  7  a.m 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.m 

Total 

22-23 
23-24 
24-25 

812.3 
790.5 
880.0 

11.35 
10. 78 
10.62 

3.01 
2.86 
2.82 

755.  6 
736.6 
826.9 

.162 
.163 
.145 

132 
129 
128 

2, 482.  8 

32.75 

8.69 

2, 319. 1 

i          389 

Total,  9  days «. 

8, 006. 2 

1.28 

102. 49 

0.34 

27.22 

93.6 

7,493.8 

1      1,211 

"Including  3  days  of  an  experiment  not  here  reported. 

The  quantities  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  ventilating  air  cur- 
rent are  given  in  detail  for  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31,  in  Tables  119- 
121,  which  follow.  Table  122  shows  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  dur- 
ing the  successive  6-hour  periods  of  the  two  experiments. 


101 

Table  119. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  water  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
i  xperimenls  No8.  29  and  31. 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Date. 

Total 
amount 

in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 

or 
loss  (  —  ) 

over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 

or 
loss  (— ) 

over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Change 
in  weight 
of  ab- 
sorbers, 
gain(  +  ) 

or 
loss  (-). 

Drip 
from 
absorb- 
ers. a 

Total 
amount 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-) 
during 

the 
period. 

1900. 
Mar     16 

Experiment  No.  29. 

Grams. 
25.5 
75.1 
79.0 
30.4 
25.7 

Grams. 

Grams. 
46.7 
53.8 
53.0 
50.2 
47.1 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

16 

lp.m 

+49.6 
+  3.9 
-48.6 
-  4.7 

+  7.1 

-  .8 

-  2.8 
-3.1 

+  98 
+194 

-  69 

-  69 

130.0 

236.0 

22.7 

12.0 

+235. 1 

16 

7  p.  m 

+429.2 

17 

1  a.m 

—  49.1 

17 

-  60.1 

Total 

+     .2 

+     .4 

+  154 

400.7 

—  555. 1 

1  p.  m 

17 

85.  3 
77.1 
26.4 
23.8 

+  59.6 

-  8.2 
-50.7 

-  2.6 

53.6 

52.  4 
48.3 
44.7 

+  6.5 

-  1.2 

-  4.1 

-  3.6 

+  18 
+  17 

-  93 

-  94 

180.0 

281. 9 

31.9 

19.2 

+204.  5 

17 

7  p.  m 

+297.  7 

18 

1  a.  m 

-  65.2 

18 

-  78.4 

Total 

-  1.9 

-  2.4 

-152 

513.0 

+358.6 

18 

83.2 
81.9 
28.5 
26.8 

+59.4 

-  1.8 
-53.4 

-  1.7 

51.7 
54.5 
50.7 

48.1 

+  7.0 
+  2.8 

-  3.8 

-  2.6 

+  169 
+  83 
-110 
-110 

120. 0 

370.2 

54.2 

40.0 

+296.  0 

18 

7  p.  m 

+456.  0 

19 

1  a.  m 

—  59.6 

19 

—  72.6 

Total 

+  3.0 

+  3.4 

+  32 

584.4 

+619.8 

Experiment  No.  SI. 

Mar     22 

26.4 
78.9 
75.  2 
26.2 
25.7 

22 
22 
23 
23 

1  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

1  a.m 

7  a.  m 

Total 

1  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

1  a.m 

7  a.m 

+52.5 

-  3.7 
-49.0 

-  .5 

55.3 
52.4 
48.1 
45.2 

+10.1 

-  2.9 

-  4.3 

-  2.9 

+198 

-  17 

-  88 

-  88 

150.0 

369.  2 

29.6 

20.0 

+358.1 
+349. 3 

-  62.7 

-  70.9 

-     .7 

+    5 

568.8 

+573.  8 

23 
23 
24 

24 

75.6 
76.8 
25.1 

24.7 

+49.9 
+  1.2 

—51.7 

-     .4 

54.6 

52.8 
50.2 
45.  2 

+  9.4 

-  1.8 

-  2.6 

-  5.0 

+180 

-  15 

-  83 

-  83 

120.0 
■       357. 7 

26.4 
18.0 

+309.  4 
+340.9 

-  59.2 

-  70.0 

Total 



-     1 

522. 1 

+521. 1 

24 

78.1 
70.3 
25.5 
27.6 

+53.4 

'-  7.8 
-44.8 
+  2.1 

54.9 
52.  4 

48.3 
47.9 

+  9.7 

-  2.5 

-  4.1 

-  .4 

+173 

-  5 

-  76 

-  76 

135.  0 

364.4 

28.9 

19.0 

+317.7 

24 
25 

7  p.  m 

1  a.  m 

+356. 9 
-  51.2 

25 

—  57.4 

Total 

+  2.9 

+  2.7 

+  16 

547.  3 

+566.  0 

»The  drip  was  collected  and  weighed  but  once  a  day.  The  volume  was  roughly  observed  at 
1  p.m., 7  p.m., and  7  a.m., and  this  volume  taken  as  a  rough  indication  of  the  actual  weight  of  drip 
for  the  different  periods.  The  small  amount  of  drip  observed  at  7  a.  in.  was  divided  equally  between 
the  two  night  periods.  The  figures  in  this  column  also  include  the  perspiration  in  clothes,  which 
amounted  to  21,  23.8,  20.4, 18.3,  15.3,  and  18.8  grams  on  the  successive  days  of  the  series.  The  amount 
for  each  day  has  been  divided  equally  between  the  periods  ending  at  1  p.  m.  and  7  p.  m. 


102 

Table  120. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  29  and  SI. 


Period. 

(a) 

Venti- 
lation 
(num- 
ber of 
liters  of 
airl. 

Carbon  dioxid 

</<) 

In  incoming 
air. 

(d) 

In  out- 
going 
air. 

(«) 

Total 

excess  in 

outgoing 

air, 

rf-c. 

(/) 
Correc- 
tion for 
amount 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

(9) 
Corrected 
amount 
exhaled 
by  sub- 
ject, 
e+f. 

Total 
weight 

(b) 
Per 
liter. 

(c) 

Total, 
axb. 

ft  car- 
bon ex- 
baled. 
9  ■  ft- 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  29. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

G  rams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 208 

0.598 

16.3 

406.2 

389.9 

+49.6 

+439.5 

119.9 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m.. 

27, 985 

.  575 

16.1 

471.3 

455.  2 

+  3.9 

459. 1 

125. 2 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.597 

16.7 

282. 3 

265.  6 

-48.6 

217.  0 

59.  2 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 208 

.592 

16.1 

146.  9 

130.  8 

-  4.7 

126. 1 

34.4 

110, 386 

65.2 

1,306.7 

1.241.5 

+     .2 

1,241.7 

338.7 

17-18 

25, 653 

.592 

15.2 

396.  5 

381.3 

+59.  6 

440.9 

120. 2 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,208 

.591 

16.1 

450.  6 

434. 5 

-  8.2 

426. 3 

116.3 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.m.. 

28, 762 

.  595 

17.1 

258.  3 

241 . 2 

-50.  7 

190.  5 

52.0 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  ]>.  m.. 

28, 762 

.  594 

17.1 

147.3 

130.2 

-  2.6 

127.  6 

34. 8 

110, 385 



65.5 

1, 252.  7 

1,187.2 

-  1.9 

1,185.3 

323. 3 

18-19 

27, 208 

.564 

15.4 

415. 1 

399.7 

+59.4 

459.1 

125.2 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,208 

.514 

14.0 

492.  8 

478.8 

-  1.3 

477.5 

130.2 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.601 

16.8 

262. 1 

245.  3 

-53.4 

191.9 

52.  3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

Total,  3  days 
Experiment  No.  31. 

26,  430 

.576 

15.2 

1 15.  2 

130.0 

-  1.7 

128.3 

35.0 

108,831 

61.4 

1,315.2 

1,253.8 

+  3.0 

1,256.8 

342.  7 

329, 602 



192.1 

3,874.6 

3,  682.  5 

+  1.8 

3, 683.  8 

1,004.7 

Mar.  22-23 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m . . 

25, 652 

.578 

14.8 

387.  5 

372.7 

+52.5 

425.  2 

116.0 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

26,430 

.600 

15.8 

447.7 

431.9 

3.7 

128.  2 

116.8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.580 

16.2 

232.0 

215.  8 

-49.0 

166.8 

45.  5 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  in.. 

26,430 

.563 

14.9 

143.0 

128.1 

—     .5 

127.6 

34.  8 

106, 497 

61.7 

1,210.2 

1,148.5 

^     .7 

1,147.8 

313.1 

23-24 

25, 652 

.578 

14.8 

381.7 

366.  9 

+49.9 

416.8 

113.7 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

25,  652 

.589 

15.1 

443. 4 

128.3 

+  1.2 

429.  5 

117.1 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.567 

15.9 

243. 3 

227.  4 

-51.7 

175.  7 

17.9 

1  a.m.  to 7  a.  ml. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

28,  762 

.  555 

16.0 

155.2 

139.2 

-     .4 

138.8 

37.9 

108, 051 

;      61.8 

1,223.6 

1,161.8 

-  1.0 

1,160.8 

316. 6 

24-25 

25, 652 

.568 

14.6 

378.  5 

363.9 

+53.4 

417.3 

113.8 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27, 208 

.581 

15.8 

455.  4 

439.6 

-   7.8 

431.8 

117.8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.574 

16.1 

235.  0 

218.  9 

-44.8 

174.1 

47.5 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

Total,  3 days 

27, 985 

.564 

15.8 

155.  6 

139.8 

+  2.1 

141.9 

38.7 

108, 830 

62.3 

1,224.5 

1,162.2 

+  2.9 

1,165.1 

317.8 

323, 378 

185.  8 

3,  658.  3 

3,472.5 

+  1.2 

3.  473.  7 

947.5 

103 

Table  121. — Record  of  wetter  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism   eocperiments  Xos. 

29  and  SI. 


Period. 

(a) 
=  " 

E    00 

O^ 

so 

"z.  -■- 

> 

Water  in  in- 
coming air. 

Water 

in  outgoing  air. 

(9)           (h) 

~~      '-- 
s-S      s  as 

S3        -  -~~ 
- o    ■       - -- 

14  lis! 

U) 

j    it 

Date. 

(c) 

X 

e 

"3 
o 

Amountcon-  ^ 
densed    in   a< 
freezers. 

§8.5 
< 

+ 

1 
o 

m 

fa§ 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  89. 

Lit*  rs. 

Mg. 

Grain*. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams.   Grams. 

Grams. 

Mai.  10-17 

7a. m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27,208 

0.850 

23. 1 

250.  5 

46. 1 

296.6 

273.5    +235.1 

508.  6 

1p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27, 985 

.  823 

23.0 

268.  0 

44.7 

312.  7 

289.7    +429.2 

718.9 

7 p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.  825 

23.1 

257.  5 

45.1 

302.  6 

279.5    -  49.1 

230.  4 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

27, 208 

.756 

20.  6 

249.  5 

40.8 

290.  3 

269.7    -  60.1 

209.  6 

Total 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

110,  386 



89.  8 

1,025.5 

176.7 

1,202.2 

1,112.4  1+555.1 

1,667.5 

17-18 

25,  653 

.  832 

21.4 

233.1 

42.6 

275.7       254.3    4-204.5 

458.8 

1p.m. to  7  p.m..    27,208 

.  849 

23. 1 

268. 8 

43.6 

312.  1       289.  3    -297.  7 

587.  0 

7p.m.  to  1  a.m..    28,762 

.840 

24.2 

247.2 

49.5 

296.7       272.5    -  65.2 

207.  3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

28, 762 

.780 

22.4 

243. 4 

43.7 

287.1  ,     264.7    -  78.4 

186.  3 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

110,385    

91.1 

992.  5 

179.4 

1.171.9   1,080.8    +358.6 

1,439.4 

18-19 

27, 208 

.826 

22.  5 

243. 0 

46.6 

289.  6 

267.1    +296.0 

563. 1 

1  p.m. to  7  p.m.. 

27,208 

.847 

23. 0 

282.  0 

42.9 

324.9 

301.9    +456.0 

757.9 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.875 

24.  5 

265.  0 

17.8 

312.  8 

288.3    -  59.6 

22^.7 

1  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

Total, 3  days 
Experiment  No.Sl. 

26,430 

.861 

22.8 

243.  9 

38.3 

282.  2 

259.4    -  72.6 

186.8 

108,831    

92.  8 

1,033.9 

175.6 

1,209.5    1,116.7    4-619.8 

1,736.5 

329,602    

273.  7 

3,051.9 

531.7 

3,583.6   3,309.9    4-1,533.5 

4,843.4 

Mar.  '22-23 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

25,  652 

.  828 

21.2 

247.  7 

40.4 

288.1       266.9    4-358.1 

625.  0 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

26, 430 

.857 

22.6 

259.  4 

39.8 

299.2       276.6    +349.3 

625.  9 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27,985 

.816 

22.  s 

246.  3 

41.2 

287.5       264.7    -  62.7 

202.  0 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  in.. 

26,  430 

.779 

20.6 

241.0 

35.0 

276.0       255.4  l-  70.9 

184.  5 

106,497    

87.  2 

994. 4 

156.4 

1,150.8   1,063.6  1+573.8 

1.637.4 

23-24 

25,652 

.  865 

22. 2 

240.  5 

40.8 

281.3 

259.1    +309.4 

568.  5 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

25,  652 

.881 

22.  6 

253.  3 

37.8 

291.1 

268.5    +340.9 

609.  4 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.  826 

23.1 

252.  0 

43.  2 

295.  2 

272.1    -  59.2 

212.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

28,762 

.780 

22.  4 

253.  2 

38.5 

291.  7 

269.3    -  70.0 

199.  3 

108,051   ! 

90.3 

999. 0 

160.3 

1,159.3 

1,069.0    +521.1 

1 ,  590. 1 

24-25 

25,  652 

.  843 

21.6 

241.7 

40.7 

2S2.  4 

260.8    +317.7 

578.  5 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27, 208 

.  851 

23.  2 

269. 8 

40.3 

310. 1 

286.9    +356.9 

643.  8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27,985 

.802 

22.  4 

247.  5 

43.5 

291.0       268.6    -  51.2 

217.4 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 
Total 

27,985 

.  768 

21.5 

256. 0 

3S.1 

294.1        272.6    -  57.4 

215.2 

108,830    

88.7 

1,015.0 

162.  6 

1,177.6  ;l,088.9    +566.0 

1,654.9 

Total. 3  days 

323.378    

266.  2 

3, 008. 4 

479.3 

3,487.7    3,221.5    +1,660.9 

4,882.4 

104 

Table  122. — Summary  of  oal&rimetric  measurements — Metabolism   experiment?  Nos.  ?9 

and  31. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 

measured 

in  terms. 

of  Cao- 

(6) 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calorim- 
eter, 
6x60. 

{&) 

Correc- 
tion due 

to  tem- 
perature 

of  food 

and 
dishes.  8 

(e) 
Water 
vaporized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

leas 
amount 

con- 
densed in 
chamber. 

(/) 

Heat 
used  in 

vaporiza- 
tion of 
water. 

ex  0.592. 

{g) 

Total 
heat  de- 
termined, 
0+C+ 

d+f. 

1900. 
Mar.  16-17 

Experiment  No.  29. 

7  a.m. to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m. to  1  a.m... 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. .. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to 7  p.m... 
7  p. m.tol  a.m... 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to 7  p.m... 
7  p. m.tol  a.m... 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  3  days 

Experiment  No.  31. 

7  a. m.tol  p.m... 
1  p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.to7  a.m... 
1  a.m.  to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  tol  p.m... 
1  p.m. to 7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  tol  a.m... 
1  a.m. to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p.m. to 7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  tol  a.m... 
1  a.m.to7  a.m... 

Total 

Total.  3  days 

C.lni  i:s, 

1,113.0 
1,139.0 

4'.'.\:; 
2.50.1 

Degree. 
+0.02 
+  .09 
+  .01 

-   .01 

Catorics. 
+  1.2 
+  5.4 
+     .6 
+     .6 

Calories. 
+  1.7 
-  2.6 
+  6.3 

Grams. 
280.6 
288.9 
276.  7 
266.6 

Calories. 

166.1 
171.0 
163.8 
157.8 

Calories. 

1 .  282.  0 

1.312.8 

666.0 

408.5 

2,997.4 

+  .13 

+  7.8 

+  5.4 

1,112.8 

658.7 

3,669.3 

17-18 

1,074.3 

1.078.3 

414.1 

216.3 

+  .01 

+  .05 

0 

+  .03 

+     .6 

+  3.0 

0 

+  1.8 

+  2.8 
-  4.7 
+  5.4 

260.  8 
288.1 
268.4 
261.1 

154.4 

170.6 
158.9 

154.5 

1 .  232. 1 

1,247.2 

578.4 

372.6 

2,  783. 0 

+  .09 

+  5.4 

+  3.5 

1,078.4 

638.  4 

3.430.3 

18-19 

1,116.2 

1.195.8 

468.5 

208.0 

+  .04 

+  .11 
+  .02 

-   .03 

-  2.4 
+  6.6 
+  1.2 

-  1.8 

+  7.2 

-  7.0 
+  5.8 

274. 1 
304.7 
284.5 
256.  8 

162.  2 
180.4 
168. 4 

152.  0 

1 .  288.  0 

1,375.8 
643.  9 
361.8 

2,  988. 5 

+   .20 

+12.0 

+  6.0 

1,120.1 

663.  0 

3, 669. 5 

8,  768. 9 

+25.2 

+  14.9 

3,311.3 

1,960.1 

10.  769. 1 

Mar.  22-23 

1,082.2 
1,087.6 

405.  9 
221.9 

0 
0 

+  .01 

-     .6 

0 

0 

+     .6 

+  3.1 
+  3.1 

277.  0 
273.  7 
260.4 
252.5 

164.0 
162.0 
1.54.1 
149.  •"> 

1.248.7 

1 .  245.  5 

563.1 

372. 0 

2.  797.  6 

+  2.1 

1,063.6 

629.  6 

3.  429. 3 

23-24 

1,058.7 

1.103.K 

394.1 

224.  3 

+   .01 

+  .02 

0 

4-  .01 

-     .6 

+  1.2 

0 

+     .6 

+  1.5 
-  5.6 

+     .8 

268.  5 
266.  7 

269.  5 
264.  3 

159.0 

157.  9 
159. 5 

156.  4 

1,219.8 

1.257.3 

554.  4 

381.3 

2,  780.  9 

+  .04 

+  2.4 

-  3.3 

1,069.0 

632.  8 

3.  412.  B 

24-25 

1.071.0 

1, 094.  6 

378.5 

218.1 

+  1.1 
+  2.3 
+  4.9 

270.  5 
284  1 
264.5 

272.  2 

160.1 
168.4 
156.6 
161.0 

1,232.2 

+  .01 
-  .01 
+  .01 

+     .6 

-  .6 

-  .  6 

1,265.9 
539.4 
379.7 

2,  762.  2 

+  .01 

+     .6 

-  B.3 

1,091.6 

646. 1 

3.417.2 

8. 340.  7 

+  3.0 

+  7.1 

3.224.2 

1,908.5 

10.  259.  3 

a  Including  correction  for  4.8  calories  introduced  during  each  day  period  by  the  current  used  to 
magnetize  the  fields  of  the  dynamo. 


105 

Balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  matter  and  energy, — The  income  and 
outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  energy  in  experiments  Nos. 
29  and  31  are  shown  in  Tables  123-126. 

Table  123. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29 

and  31. 


Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Date. 

(a) 

In 
food. 

(&) 

In 

feces. 

(0 

In 
urine." 

(d) 
Gain 
(+)or 

loss 

-16- 

(0 

In  food. 

(/) 

In 

feces. 

(9) 

In 
urine. 

(ft) 

In  res- 
pira- 

prod- 
ucts. 

(*) 
Gain 
(+)or 

loss 

-(f+9 
+h). 

1900. 

<  riment  No.  29. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m  . . 

16.0 

0.  9         15.  4 

-0.3 

333.  6 

8.3 

10.  S 

338.  7 

-24. 2 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.m  .. 

16.1 

16.3 

-1.0 

333.  7 

B.4 

11.4 

323.  3 

-  9.4 

18-19,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m  .. 

16.0 

.  9         16. 2 

-1.1 

333.  6 

8.3 

11.3 

342.7 

-28.7 

Total.  3  days 

48.1 

2.  6         47.  9 

-2.4 

1.000.9 

25. 0 

33. 5 

1.004.7 

-62.  3 

Average.  1  day 

16.0 

16.0 

-  .8 

333.  6 

8.3 

11.2 

334.9 

-20.8 

Experiment  No.  31. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . 

16.1 

16.3 

-1.0 

321.  5 

8.1 

11.3 

313.1 

-11.0 

23-24,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

16.0 

15.  4 

321.  6 

8.1 

10.8 

316.6 

-13.9 

24-25,  7a.m.  to  7a.m.. 

16.1 

.  8         15.  2 

-   .1 

321.5 

8.1 

10.6 

317.8 

-15.0 

Total.  3  days 

4s.  2 

2.4         46.9 

-1.1 

964.6 

24.  3 

32.  7 

947.  5 

-39.9 

Average.  1  day 

16.1 

15.  6 

-   .3 

321.  5 

8.1 

10.9 

315. 8 

-  13.3 

a Including  nitrogen  in  perspiration,  amounting  to  0.2  gram  per  day. 

Table  124.— -Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29 

and  Si. 


Date. 


1900. 

Experiment  No.  99. 

Mar.  16-17.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m... 
17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m... 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total.  3  days 

Average.  1  day 

Experiment  No.  31. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 
23-24.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  in.. 
24-25.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total,  3  days 

Average.  1  day 


Water. 


(«) 


(6) 


In  food.    In  drink. 


Grams. 
915. 5 
915. 5 
915. 5 


Grams. 
1.2-50 
1.2-50 
1.2.50 


(o) 


(d) 


{e) 


(/) 


Apparent 
T  Inres-  l<»ss, 

In  feces.   In  urine,    piratorv     a+b— 
product's. 


Grams. 
41.2 
41.3 
41.2 


Grams. 
641.0 

720.  3 
834.  3 


Grams. 
1,667.5 
1,439.4 
1,736.5 


Grams. 
184.2 

35.  5 
446. 5 


106 

Table  124. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29 

and  SI — Continued. 


Hydrogen. 

Date. 

(9) 
In  food. 

In  feces. 

(0 
In  urine. 

(I). 

Apparent 

gain,  g- 

(A+& 

(TO) 

Loss 
from  wa- 
ter/-9. 

(n) 

Total 

gain  (  +  ) 

or  loss 

(-)l+m. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  ~9. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Mar.  16-17.  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 

50.5 

1.2 

2.9 

+  48.4 

-20.  5 

- 

17-18.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

50.5 

1.2 

3.0 

-  16.3 

-  3.9 

-42.4 

18-19,  7a.  m.  to  7  a.  in 

50.5 

1.2 

3.0 

+  46.3 

-49.6 

-   3.3 

Total.  3  days 

151.  5 

3.  6 

8.9 

+  139.0 

-74.0 

Average.  1  day 

50.  5 

1.2 

3.0 

+  46.3 

-24. 6 

-21.7 

Experiment  No.  SI. 

Mar.  '22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

48.8 

1.1 

3.0 

-  44.7 

-28.6 

+16.1 

23-24,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

48,  8 

1.2 

i. 

-  44.7 

-21.3 

^23.  4 

24-25.  7  a.  in.  to  7  a.  m 

48.8 

.       1.1 

2.8 

-  44.9 

38.5 

—  6.4 

Total.  3  days 

146.4 

3.4 

8.7 

+134.3 

-88.4 

+45.9 

Average,  l  day 

48.  8 

1.1 

2.9 

-  44.8 

-29.5 

+15.3 

Table  125. — Gain  or  lass  of  protein  (XX6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  29  and  31. 


Date. 

(o) 

Nitrogen 
gained 
(  +  )or 

lost  (--). 

(b) 
Protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  (-), 
ax  6.25. 

[€) 

Total 

carbon 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-). 

id) 

Carbon  in 

protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost  |  -  i, 
6x0.53. 

Carbon  in 

fat.  etc.. 

gained 

1  -  i  or 

lost  (-). 

c-d. 

if) 

Fat 
gained 
(  +  )<H 

e^0.761. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  29. 

Mar.  16-17.  7  a.  m.  to7a.ni 

17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Grams. 

-0.3 
-1.0 
-1.1 

Grams. 

-  1.9 

-  6.2 

-  6.9 

Grams. 

-24.  2 
-  9.4 

-28.7 

Grams. 

-1.0 
-3.3 

-3.7 

Grams. 
-23.2 

-  6.1 

-25.0 

Grams. 

-30. 5 
-  8.0 
-32.9 

Total.  3  days 

Average.  1  day 

-2.4 

-  .8 

-15.0           -62.3  :           -8.0           —54.3             -71.4 
-  5.0  '         -20.8  '           -2.7           -18.1  1          -23.8 

Experiment  No.  SI. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 
23-24.  7a.rn.to7a.rn. 

24-25.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 


•1.0 
-  .2 
•   .1 


-   .3 


6.2 
1.3 


11.0 
-13.9 
15.0 


-6.9 

-  2.3 


-39.9 
13.3 


3.3 
.3 


3.7 
1.2 


13.2 
15.3 


-36.2 
-12.1 


-10.1 
-^7.3 
20. 1 


-47.5 
15.9 


107 

Table  125. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (XX6. 25) ,  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiments 

Xos.  29  and  31 — Continued. 


Date. 


(SO 

Total 
hydrogen 
gained  (+) 

or  lost  (-). 


or  lost  (— ),or  lost  |  — ) 


1900. 

Experiment,  No.  S9. 

Mar.  16-17.  7  a.  m.  to  7a.m.. 
17-18,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  .. 
18-19,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . 

Total.  3  days 

Average.  1  day 

Experiment  Xo.  31. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . . 
23-24.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  .. 
24-25,  7  a.  ra.  to  7  a.  m  . . 

Total,  3  days 

Average.  1  day 


Grams. 

+25. 9 
+42.  4 
-  3.3 


+65.0 

fa.  7 


H) 


(A) 

Hydrogen 
in  protein 


Hydrogen 
in  fat 


(*) 

Hydrogen 
in  water, 


(I) 


Water 


6  X0.07. 


Grams. 
-0. 


/xO.118. 


or  lost  (- 
l  g-(h+i). 


Grams. 


Grams. 
+29. 6 
-43.7 
+  1.1 


1.0 
.3 


+  74.4 

+24.8 


16.1 

-  .4. 

23.  4 

-  .1 

6  4 

-1.2 
-2.0 
-2. 4 


17.7 
25.  5 

8.8 


+45.9 
+15.3 


-5.6 

-1.9 


52.0 
17.3 


kx\ 


Grams. 
-266.4 
+393.3 


-669.6 


-159.3 
229.5 

-  79.2 


-468.0 
156.0 


Table  126. — Income  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  29  and  si. 


Date. 


«0 


Heat  of 

com- 
bustion 
of  food 
eaten. 


(6) 


Heat  of 

com- 
bustion 
of feces. 


1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  29. 

Mar.  16-17,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 
17-18,  7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 
18-19,  7  a.m. to  7  a.m.. 

Total,  3  days 

Average.  1  day 

Experiment  No.  Si. 

Mar.  22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 

23-24.  7 a.m. to  7  a.m.. 
24-25.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. . 


Calo- 
ries. 

3,487 

3,487  ! 

3,487 


Calo- 
ries. 

93 

93 

93 


(c)  (d) 

Esti- 
mated 

heat  of 
Heat  of    com- 

com-     bustion 
bustion  of  pro- 
of tein 
urine,    gained 
!  (  +  )or 
lost 
(-)• 


Calo- 
ries. 

134 

134 

134 


Calo- 
ries. 

-11 

-35 

-39 


(e) 
Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 
com- 
bustion 
of  fat 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost 


Calo- 
ries. 

-291 

-  76 
-314 


Esti- 
mated 
energy 
of  ma- 
terial 

oxi- 
dized 
in  the 
bodva— 
(6+c+ 
d+e). 


Calo- 
rics. 

3,562 

3.371 

3,613 


to) 


10, 461 
3,487 


279 
93 


402 
134 


-681     10,546 
-227       3,515 


(?<)  (i) 

Heat       Heat 
deter-     deter- 
mined, mined, 
H pot    greater  greater 
deter-     ,~)or    (  +)  or 

esti-        esti- 
mated,  mated, 
g-f.       h+J. 


Calo- 
ries. 

3,669 

3,430 

3,669 


Calo- 
ries. 

+107 

+  59 

+  56 


10. 768        +222 
3,nS9       -  74 


Per  ct. 
+3.0 
-1.7 
+  1.5 


2.1 


3,495 

91 

132 

—35 

-  96 

3, 403 

3, 429 

+  26 

+  .8 

3,495 

90 

129 

_  7 

-165 

3,448 

3,413 

-  35 

-1.0 

3,495 

91 

128 

+  3 

-192 

3,465 

3,  417 

-  48 

-1.4 

Total, 3  days 

10,485 
3,495 

272 
91 

389 

129 

-39 
-13 

-453 
-151 

10.  316 
3,  439 

10,259 
3,420 

Average,!  day 

-19         -  . 

METABOLISM   EXPERIMENTS   NOS.  32  AND  34. 

Subject. — J.  F.  S.j  who  was  also  the  .subject  of  several  preceding 
experiments.  His  weight,  with  underclothing,  was  about  66.6  kilo- 
grams (145i  pounds). 

Occupation  'hiring  experiment. — Worked  8  hours  a  da}'  upon  a  sta- 
tionary bicycle,  as  in  the  previous  series  of  experiments. 


108 

Duration. — -These  two  experiments,  each  of  which  continued  3  days, 
form  the  first  and  third  of  a  series  of  3.  The  intermediate  experiment, 
also  of  3  days*  duration,  is  not  reported  here.  A  preliminary  period  of 
4  days  preceded  the  series,  beginning  with  breakfast  April  16,  1900. 
The  subject  entered  the  respiration  chamber  on  the  evening  of  April 
19,  and  experiment  No.  32  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  20  and  ended  at  7 
a.  m.  April  23.  Experiment  No.  31  began  at  7  a.  m.  April  26  and 
ended  at  7  a.  in.  April  29. 

Diet. — These  experiments  were  intended  to  be  as  nearly  as  possible 
a  repetition  of  experiments  Nos.  29  and  31,  with  the  exception  that 
the  order  in  which  the  supplemental  materials  were  added  to  the  basal 
ration  was  reversed.  The  basal  ration  was  practically  the  same  in 
both  experiments,  differing  slightly  owing  to  the  difference  in  the 
composition  of  the  milk.  It  furnished  approximately  100  grams  of 
protein  and  2,980  calories  of  energy  per  day.  To  this  basal  ration  63.5 
grams  of  butter  per  day.  furnishing  1  gram  of  protein  and  509  calories 
of  energy,  was  added  in  experiment  No.  32,  and  128  grams  of  cane 
sugar,  furnishing  507  calories  of  energy,  was  added  daily  in  experi- 
ment No.  31.  The  total  ration  therefore  in  these  experiments  furnished 
approximately  100  grams  of  protein  and  3,190  calories  of  energy  per 
day.  The  kinds  and  quantities  of  food  served  for  each  meal  and  the 
quantities  of  drink  at  different  periods  of  the  day  were  as  follow^: 

Table  127. — Diet  in  metabolism  experiments  Nos.  SB  and  $4. 

FOOD-BASAL  RATION. 


Food  materials. 

Breakfast. 

Dinner. 

Supper. 

Total. 

Beef 

Grants. 

Grams. 

58 

150 

25 

Grains. 

GraiM. 

58 

Butter 

9 
75 

37.5 
17.5 
340 

9 

75 
25 

37.5 
17.5 
340 

35 

Bread 

300 

Ginger  snaps 

Sugar 

35 

Milk,  whole 

340 

1.020 

FOOD— SUPPLEMENTAL  RATION. 

Experiment  No.  32.  April  20-22.— Sixty-two  grams  butter  added  to  basal  ration.     This  amount  also 
supplemented  the  ration  during  the  preliminary  period. 

Experiment  No.  3U.  April  26-2S  — -The  basal  ration  during  this  experiment  was  increased  by  the  ftddi" 
tion  of  128  gram-  of  cane  sugar. 

DRINK. 


Time. 

Water. 

Time. 

Water. 

Breakfast 

Grams. 
150 
200 
200 
200 

Grams. 

150 

10.15  a.  m 

9.00  p.  m 

200 

Dinner 

10. 20  p.  m 

150 

Total  for  day          

4.00  p.  m 

1.250 

109 


Daily  routine.  The  general  plan  of  the  series  of  experiments  was 
identical  with  that  of  the  previous  series,  and  is  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing schedule: 

Table  12S. — Daily  programme — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  38  and  34- 


6.50  a.  m 

7.00  a.  m 


7.30  a.  m  .. 


8.15  a.m  . 
10.15  a.  m 


Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Pass  urine,  weigh  self-dressed, 
collect  drip,  and  weigh  ab- 
sorbers. 

Breakfast:  drink  150  grams  wa- 
ter. 

Begin  work. 

Stop  work:  drink  200  grams  wa- 
ter. 


4.00  p.  m 


4.15  p.m  . 
6.15  p.  m . 
6.20  p.  m  . 
6.50  p.  m  . . 
7.00  p.m. 


Stop  work:  drink  200  grams  wa- 
ter. 

Begin  work. 

Stop  work:  change  underclothing. 

Supper:  drink  150  grams  water. 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

Pass    urine,   weigh    self-dn  ss 
collect  drip,  and  weigh  absorb- 
ers. 


12.30  p.m 

Stop  work. 

9.00  p.m 

Drink  200  grams  water. 

12.50  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

10.00  p.  m 

Take  pulse  and  temperature. 

1.00  p.m 

Pass    urine,    collect    drip,    and 

10.10  p.m 

Arrange  bed. 

weigh  absorbers. 

10.20  p.m 

Drink  150  grams  water. 

1.25  p.m 

Dinner:  drink  200  grams  water. 

10.30  p.  m 

Retire. 

2.00  p.  m 

Begin  work. 

1.00  a.m 

Pass  urine. 

Table  129  gives  a  condensed  summary  of  the  diary  kept  by  the  sub- 
ject during  the  experiment. 

Table  12v». — Summary  of  the  diary — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  32  and  34- 


Weight      p. 

of  sul>        rate 
Time.                  ject  in        ™ie 

SSL  ■£* 

Tempera- 
ture. 

Weight 
of  sub- 
Time,                   ject  in 
under- 
clothes. 

Pulse 
rate     Tempera- 

per          ture. 
minute. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  3t.          ,- 

Apr.  20.  7  a.  m 66. 19 

10  a.  m 

66 

°F. 

97.8 

1900. 

Experiment  . 

Apr.  26.  7  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

Kgs. 

64. 94 

:  F. 
68              97. 7 
102    

65 

97.7 

66               97. 7 

4  p.  m 87 

7  x>.  m 66. 95            72 

10  p.  m      62 

m; 

96.  6 

7  p.  m 65.44 

10  p.  m 

77              97.7 
69              97. 2 

Apr.  21.  Til.  m 66.  36 

10  a.  m              

64                '   - 
-^    

Apr.  27.  7  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

10  p.  m 

Apr.  28,  7  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

1  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

7  p.  m 

10  p.  m. 

65.09 

65.  34 
61  98 

65.37 

65               97. 6 
98    

1  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

7  p.  m 66. 27 

10  p.  m 

Apr.  22,  7  a.  m 

10  a.  m 

67 
97 

98.0 

71              9s.  3 
99    

74 

66 

- 

96 

e 

104 
79 
67 

97.9 
96.6 

97.7 

97.7 

97.7 
96.9 

73               97. 7 
97.3 
67               97. 9 
98 

1  p.  m 

4  p.  m 

7  p.  m 65.59 

10  p.  m 

66              97.  s 
102    

73               97. 0 
69               97. 3 

110 

Amount  of  work  done. — The  total  number  of  miles  registered  by  the 
cyclometer  and  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  work  done  each  day  are 
shown  in  Table  130. 

Table  130. — Record  of  work  done — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  H2  and  34. 


(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

Time. 

Cyclometer 
reading. 

Number 
of  miles. 

Actual 
duration 
of  work. 

Rate. 

Heat 

equivalent, 
axbx 
0.2378. 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  82. 

Seconds. 

Watts. 

Calories. 

1,510.4 
1,527.2 

20.  10.15  a.  m 

16.8 

7,200 

18.8 

32 

20,  12.30  p.  ra 

1,546.5 

19.3 

7,200 

21.0 

36 

20,  4  p.  m 

1,562.8 

16.3 

7,200 

16.7 

29 

20,  6.15  p.  m 

1,579.1 

16.3 

7,200 

17.4 

30 

Total 

68.7 

28, 800 

127 

Apr.  21,  10.15  a.  m 

1,599.2 

20.1 

7,200 

21.0 

36 

21,  12.30  p.  m 

1,  626.  0 

26.8 

7,200 

25.8 

44 

21,  4  p.  m 

1,654.0 

28.0 

7,200 

30.5 

52 

21,  6.15  p.  m 

1,681.7 

27.7 

7,200 

29.6 

51 

Total 

102.  6 

28, 800 

183 

Apr.  22,  10.15  a.  m 

1,711.6 

29.9 

7,200 

36.2 

62 

22,  12.30  p.  m 

1,744.6 

33.0 

7,200 

47.4 

81 

22,  4  p.  m 

1,774.5 

29.9 

7,200 

38.1 

65 

22,  6.15  p.  m 

1, 806. 1 

31.6 

7,200 

40.0 

69 

Total 

124.4 

28,  800 

277 

Total,  3  davs 

295.  7 

86, 400 

587 



Experiment  No.  3£. 

Apr.  26,  10.15  a.  m 

2, 166. 9 

28.9 

7,200 

34.3 

59 

26,  12.30  p.  m 

2, 196.  7 

29.8 

7,200 

35.4 

60 

26,  4  p.  m 

2,226.1 

29.4 

7, 200 

34.3 

59 

26,  6.15  p.  m 

2, 254. 1 

28.0 

7,200 

33.7 

58 

Total 

116.1 

28,800 

236 

Apr.  27,  10.15  a.  m 

2, 283.  8 

29.7 

7,200 

35.7 

61 

27.  12.30  p.  m 

2, 318. 7 

34.9 

7,200 

36.8 

63 

27,  4  p.  m 

2, 347.  6 

28.8 

7,200 

38.1 

65 

2,379.0 

31.5 

7,  200 

38.7 

66 

Total 

124.9 

28, 800 

Apr.  28.  10.15  a.  m 

2, 409.  6 

30.6 

7,200 

37.4 

64 

28,  12.30  p.  m 

2,441.5 

31.9 

7,200 

38.1 

65 

28,  4  p.  m 

2, 472. 6 

mi 

7,200 

38.1 

65 

28,  6.15  p.  m 

2, 503.  8 

31.2 

7,200 

38.1 

65 

Total 

124.8 

28, 800 

259 

Total,  3  davs 

365.8 

86, 400 

750 

Ill 

Detailed  data  of  inconu  and  'outgo, — The  quantities  of  nutrients 
in  the  basal  ration  and  the  quantities  in  the  supplemental  rations 
for  the  two  experiments  are  shown  in  Table  131  and  the  outgo  of 
matter  and  energy  in  the  feces  in  Table  132. 

Table  131. —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  of  combustion  of  foods — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  32  and  34- 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
No. 


3205 

3206 
3204 
3207 
3193 


Food  material* 


Weight    WatpT 
perday.   Water- 


Pro- 
tein. 


Fat. 


C^°-    Xitro- 
diates.      Sen- 


Beef 

Butter 

Bread 

Ginger  snaps... 
Parched  cereal 
Sugar 


Grams. 

58 
35 

300 


35 


lira  in*. 

37.4 

2.9 

113.4 

2.8 

3.1 


Gram*.   Grams. 


18.6 

.4 
25.  - 

4.1 
9.0 


1.6 
30.  7 


5.4 
1.1 


Grams.  Grams. 

2. 98 

.07 

149.4  4.14 
61.2 

60.4  1.44 

35.0  ! 


Basal   ration,   exclu- 
sive of  milk 


57.9  46.3        306.0         9.29 


EXPERIMENT    NO.   32. 


Car- 
bon. 


Hydro- 
gen. 


Heat 
of 


bus- 
tion. 


Gram.<. 
10.76 
22.  95 
-4.-1 
32.90 
32.04 
14.74 


Grams. 

1.-54 
3.63 
12.90 
5.40 
4.73 
2.  27 


Calo- 
ries. 

120 

287 

861 
333 
315 
139 


198.20       30.47     2.055 


321X1 

Milk,  whole 

Total  basal  ration.. 

Butter  <  supplemental 
ration  i 

Total  ration,  lday.. 

EXPERIMENT    NO.   34. 

Basal    ration,  exclu- 
:'  milk 

1.020 

871.1 

41.8 

51.0 

47.9 

6.73 

81.09 

12. 14 

923 

3206 

1.59s 
62 

1.030.7 
5.2 

99.7 
.8 

97.3 

353.9 

16.02 
.12 

279. 29 
40.66 

42.  61 
6.43 

2,  97s 
■509 

1.660 

1.035.9 

100.5 

151.6 

353.9 

16.14 

319.95 

49.04 

3.4S7 

578 

1.O20 

159. 6 
869.0 

57.9 

41.  s 

46.3 
53. 0 

306.0 
43.9 

9.29 
6.73 

198.20 

83.64 

30.47 
12.34 

2, 055 

3202 

Milk,  whole 

Total  basal  ration.. 

Sugar  |  supplemental 
ration  | 

'Total  ration,  lday.. 

931 

1 .  598 

12  - 

1,028.6 

99.3 

349.9 
128.0 

16.02 

281.84 
53.89 

42.  81 
8.29 

_    10 
507 

1.726 

1.028.6 

99.7 

99.3 

477.9 

16.02 

335.73 

51.10 

3.493 

Table  V.V2.  —  Weight,  composition,  and  heat  tf  combustion  of  feces — Metabolism  experiments 

Nos.  32  and  34. 


Lab- 
ora- 
tory 
num- 
ber. 

Weight 

of  feces. 

Water. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Grams. 

22.  3 

7.4 

Carbo- 
Fat.         hy- 
drates. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Car- 
bon. 

Hydro- 
gen. 

Heat  of 
combus- 
tion. 

Experiment  No.  .>.'. 

Total.  3  day- 

Average.  1  day  ... 

Grams. 

293.  3 

97.  8 

Grams. 

214.  7 

71.6 

Grams,    drams. 

13.2         28.2 

4.4            9.4 

Grams. 
3.55 

1.1s 

Grams. 
37.  75 
12.  58 

Grams. 
5.46 

1.-2 

calories. 
425 
142 

Experiment  No.  54. 

3211     Total,  3  days.... 
Average,  1  day  .. 


179.  9 
B5.  3         60. 0 


22.0 


14.  s 

23.  3 

34.70 

4.94 

4.9 

7.- 

1.1s 

11.57 

1.65 

377 
126 


112 


The  statistics  of  the  quantity  and  composition  of  the  urine  eliminated 

on  different  days  and  different  periods  of  the  day  are  shown  in  Tables 

133  and  134.     The  statistics  of  measurements  of  carbon  dioxid  and 

water  in  the  ventilating  air  current  for  6-hour  periods  are  given  in 

Tables  135-137. 

Table  133. — Amount,  specific  gravity,  and  nitrogen  of  urine  by  6-hour  periods — Metabo- 
lism experiments  Nos.  82  and  84. 


Date. 

Period. 

Amount 
of  urine. 

Specific 

gravity. 

Nitrogen 

content. 

1900. 
Apr.   20-21 

Experiment  No.  32. 

Grams. 
279.6 
371.1 
324.8 
262. 1 

1.026 
1.022 
1.018 
1.018 

Per  cent. 
1.41 
1.26 
1.21 
1.28 

drams. 
3.94 

4.68 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

3.93 

3  35 

Total 

1,237.6 
1,237.6 

15  90 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

1.021 

1.28 

15. 84 

21-22 

446.6 
586.5 
240.0 

214.8 

1.015 
1.015 
1.022 
1.021 

.85 

.74 

1.50 

1.49 

3.80 
4.34 
3.60 
3.20 

1,487.9 
1,487.9 

14.94 

1.018 

1.01 

15.03 

22-23 

404.3 
358.  2 
192.  5 
149.1 

1.020 

' 1.023 

1.030 

1.029 

.94 
1.20 
2. 02 
2. 15 

3  80 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

Total,  3  days,  by  periods 

Total  by  composite 

4.30 
3.89 
3.  21 

1,104.1 
1,104.1 

15.  20 

1.024 

1.39 

15.35 

3,826.6 

3,829.6 

46.04 

46.22 

Experiment  No.  9k. 



Apr.   26-27 

243.4 
271.2 
192.7 
144.1 

1.027 
1.029 
1.030 
1.  029 

1 .  75 
1.83 

2.  29 
■1.  35 

4.26 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

4.96 

7  p.  m .  to  1  a.  m 

4.41 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

1  p.  m.  to  7  p.  m 

3.39 

851.4 

851 . 4 

17.02 

1.030 

1.98 

16.86 

27-28 

257.2 

301.6 
200.1 
150. 1 

1.024 

1.027 
1.029 
1. 028 

1.59 

,.« 

1.93 

2.  it; 

4.09 
4.67 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

la.  m.  to  7a.  m 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m 

:.;.  86 
3.24 

909.0 
909.0 

15. 86 

1.026 

] .  70 

15.45 

28-29 

280.4 
£56. 3 
302.  5 
156. 2 

1.025 
1.024 
1.021 
1.027 

1.43 
1.28 

1.44 
1.99 

4.01 

4.  56 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m 

4.36 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

3.11 

Total 

Total  by  composite 

Total,  3  davs,  by  periods 

1,095.4 
1.095.4 

16.04 

1.024 

1.45 

15.88 

2.  855.  S 
2,  855.  8 

48.  92 

Total  bv  composite 

18.  19 

Total,  9  days, »  by  composite 

9.910.0 

1.024 

1.46 

144.79 

Including  3  days  of  an  experiment  not  here  reported. 


113 

Table  134. — Daily  elimination  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  miter,  and  energy  in  urine — Metabo- 
lism ,  xperimenU  Nos.  32  and  34. 


Date. 

Amount 

Heat  of  com- 
bustion. 

Period.             Qf  urine 

Per 
gram. 

Total. 

1900. 

Apr.   20-21 
21-22 

22-23 

Experiment  No.  3f. 

7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m... 

7  a.  in.  tn  7  a.  m... 
7  a.  ru.  io  7  a.  m... 

Grains. 
1,237.6 
1,487.9 

1,104.1 

'    1 
P.et.    Grams.    P.ct. 

11.35    

......      10.67    

10.85    

Grams. 
3.13 
2.95 
3.00 

P.ct. 

Grams. 
1, 179. 7 
1,433.4 
1,048.7 

Calorie. 

0.104 

.076 

.105 

Calories. 
129 
113 
116 

Total,  3days. 

3.>2y.6 

32.87    

9.08 

3.661.8    

358 

Apr.   26-27 
27-28 
28-29 

Experiment  No.  $U. 
7  a.  m.  m  7  a.  m... 
7  a.  m.  tn7a.ni... 
7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m... 

Total.  3  days. 
Total,  9  days". 

851 .  4 

909.0 

1,095.4 

12.15    

I     11.32    

11.45    

3.36 
3.13 
3.16 



789.4 

851.2 

1,036.9 

.154 
.137 
.112 

131 
125 
123 

2,855.8 

34.92    

9.65 

'2,677.5    379 

! 

9,910.0 

1.05     104.06     0.29       28.74 

94.64 

9,  378.  8 

.111         1,090 

a  Including  3  days  of  an  experiment  not  here  reported. 

1300T— Xo.  109—02 8 


114 

Table  135. — Comparison  of  residual  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  and  vmter  in  the  chamber 
at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  period,  and  the  corresponding  gain  or  loss — Metabolism 
experiments  Xos.  82  and  34- 


End  of  period. 

Carbon  dioxid. 

Water. 

Pate. 

Total 
amount 

in 
chamber. 

Gain  (  +  ) 
or  loss 

(-)  over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Total 
amount 
of  vapor 
remain- 
ing in 
chamber. 

Gain  ( + ) 
or  loss 

(— )  over 
preced- 
ing 
period. 

Change 
in  weight 

of  ab- 
sorbers, a 

gain  i  -r  1 

or 
loss  (  —  ) . 

Drip 
from 
absorb- 
ers. 

Total 
amount 
gained 
(  +  )or 
Lost  1  -) 
during 

the 
period. 

1900. 
Apr.         20 
20-21 

Experiment  No.  32. 

Grams. 

27.0 
70.7 
64.6 
27.6 
27.6 

Grams. 

Grams. 
39.0 
49.0 
48.6 
44.5 
43.1 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

+43.7 
-     6.1 
-37.0 

+  10.0 

-  .4 

-  4.1 

-  1.4 

-127 
+  30 

—  55 

-  55 

35.  7 

130.0 
8.0 
8.0 

+     172. 7 

+     159. 6 

1  a .  in 

7  a.  m 

Total 

-      51.1 

4>  4 

+     .6 

+  4.1 

+  47 

181.7 

232  8 

21-22 

83.4 
86.6 
27.2 
30.4 

+55.8 
+  3.2 
-59.4 
+  3.2 

■2.  3 
52.6 
46.2 
49.4 

-  9.2 
+     .3 

-  6.4 

+  3.2 

+  190 
+  12 

-  86 

-  85 

94.0 

424.  B 

28.0 

28.0 

+     293. 2 

7  p.  m 

la.  m 

7  a.  ra 

Total 

1  p.  m 

+     437. 1 

-  64.4 

-  53. 8 



+  2.8 

+  6.3 

+  31 

574.  8 

+     612. 1 

22-23 

92.5 
86.8 
28.5 
27.0 

+62.1 

-  5.7 
-58.3 

-  1.5 

58.1 
53.8 
49.6 
46.7 

+  8.7 

-  4.3 

-  4.2 

-  2.9 

+192 

-  26 

-  70 

-  70 

334.8 

595.0 

40.0 

40.0 

7  p.  m 

+     564. 7 

34  2 

—      32.9 

Total 

-  3.4 

-  2.7 

+  26 

1,009.8 

-1- 1,033  1 

Experiment  No.SU. 

Apr.         26 
26-27 

26.0 
81.3 

78.3 
28.1 
26.2 

46.0 
54.9 
53.4 
47.9 
46.2 

1  p.  m 

+  55.3 

-  3.0 
-50.2 

-  1.9 

+  8.9 

-  1.5 

-  5.5 

-  1.7 

+184 

-  19 

-  72 

-  71 

231.5 

433.2 

11.0 

11.0 

-     424. 4 

7  p.  m 

+    412. 7 

1  a.  m 

-      66.5 

61  7 

Total 

+     .2 

+  22 

686.  7 

+     708. 9 

1  p.  m 

27-28 

82.1 
74.5 
25.3 
25.8 

+55.9 
-  7.6 
-49.2 
+     .5 

54.7 
53.0 
44.5 
45.0 

+  8.5 

-  1.7 

-  8.5 
+     .5 

+155 

-  6 

-  84 

-  84 

247.2 

461.8 
18.0 
18.0 

+    410. 7 

-  454. 1 

—  74.5 

1  a.  m 

7  a.  m 

—      65. 5 

Total 

-     .4 

—  1.2 

-  19 

745.0 

-     724.8 

1  p.  m 

28-29 

81.9 
78.1 
26.0 
25. 1 

+56.1 

-52. 1 
-     .9 

53.6 
52.4 
46.4 
43.5 

+  8.6 

-  1.2 

-  6.0 

-  2.9 

+177 

-  78 

-  78 

215.  6 

456.  3 

13.0 

13.0 

-     401.2 

7  p.  m 

+     448. 1 

1  a.  m 

-       71.0 

7  a.  m 

-       67.9 

Total 

-     •  ? 

-  1.5 

-  14 

697.  9 

+     710. 4 

*  Absorbers  were  not  weighed  between  7  p.  m.  and 
time  is  divided  equally  between  the  two  periods. 


a.  m.    The  change  in  the  weight  during  this 


115 

Table  136. — Record  of  carbon  dioxid  in  ventilating  air  current — Metabolism  experiments 

Xos.  S3  and  34. 


(a) 

Carbon  diox 

d. 

(h) 

Period. 

-  a 

a  t 

flSJ 

si's 

> 

In  incoming 
air. 

be 
c 

0 

Total   excess 
in    outgoing  ~T 
air,  d—c. 

Correction  for 
amount    re-  q 
mainlng    In  3" 
chamber. 

(9) 

-  v  ~ 

~  z-  ~ 

'-  3*0  w 
oil® 

OT3 

Date. 

(6) 

1 

(c) 

o  e 

'I  - 

0    1 

O  o  Ca 

Eh 

1900. 

Experiment  No. Si. 

Liters. 

Mg. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Apr.   20-21 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

25, 652 

0.559 

14.3 

350.9 

336.6 

+43.7 

380.3 

103.7 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

26,430 

.620 

16.4 

393.9 

377.5 

-  6.1 

371.4 

101.3 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 985 

.608 

17.0 

243. 9       226.  9 

-37.0 

1S9.9 

51.8 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27,208 

.675 

18.4 

157.1   :     138.7 

138.7 

37.8 

107, 275 

66.1    1,145.8   1,079.7 

+     .6 

1,080.3 

294.6 

21-22 

25,  952 

.  675 

17.5 

385.1 

367.6 

+55.8 

423.  4 

115.4 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

25, 952 

.640 

16.6 

472.8 

456. 2 

+  3.2 

459.4 

125.  3 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

26,  430 

.583 

15.4 

257. 2 

241.8 

-59.4 

182.  4 

49.7 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 208 

.614 

16.7 

158.3 

141.  6 

+  3.2 

144.  S 

39.5 

1G5,  542 

66.2 

1,273.4   1,207.2 

+  2.8 

1,210.0 

329.9 

22-23 

26, 730 

.590 

15.8 

439.9 

424.1 

+62.1 

486. 2 

132.6 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

25, 952 

.599 

15.5 

499.6 

484.1 

-  5.7 

478.4 

130.4 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

26,  430 

.599 

15.8 

267.7 

251.9 

-58.3 

193.6 

52.8 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

Total,  3  days 
Experiment  No.  $U. 

27, 208 

.601 

16.3 

151.9       135.6 

-1.5 

134.1 

36.6 

106,  320 

63.4   1,359.1    1,295.7 

-  3.4 

1,292.3 

352.4 

319. 137 

195.7   3,778.3   3,582.6 

0 

3,  582.  6 

976.9 

Apr.   26-27 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

26,  730 

.  582 

15.6 

418.1 

402.  5 

+55.3 

457.8 

124.8 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,508 

.578 

15.9 

483.8 

467.9 

-  3.0 

464.9 

126.  8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 208 

.575 

15.6 

252.4 

236.8 

-50. 2 

186.6 

50.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

27, 208 

.620 

16.9       150.7 

133.8 

-  1.9 

131.9 

36.0 

108, 654 

64.0   1,305.0 

1,241.0 

+     .2 

1,241.2 

338.5 

27-28 

28, 285 

.  568 

16.1       440.0       423.9 

+55.9 

479.8 

130.  9 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,507 

.  582 

16.0 

499.0 

483.0 

-7.6 

475.  4 

129.7 

7p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

29,540 

.580 

17.1 

262. 0 

244.  9 

-49. 2 

195.7 

53.3 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

28,762 

.587 

16.  9       152. 1 

135.2 

+     .5 

135.7 

37.0 

114, 094 

66.1    1,353.1    1,287.0 

-     .4 

1,286.6 

350.9 

28-29 

27, 985 

.561 

15.7       434.5 

418.8 

+56.1 

474.9 

129.  5 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,985 

.553 

15.  5       498. 0 

482.  5 

-  3.8 

478.7 

130.6 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

28,  762 

.593 

17.1       256.7 

239.  6 

-52.1 

1-7.5 

51.1 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.  . 

Total 

Total,  3  days 

29, 540 

.632 

18.7       150.5 

131.  8 

-     .9 

130.9 

35.7 

114, 272 

67.0   1,339.7 

1,272.7 

-     -7 

1,272.0 

346.9 

337,  020 

1     197.1    3,997.8 

3,  800.  7 

3,  799.  8 

1,036.3 

116 

Table  L37.  —Record  of  water  in  ventilating  air  current —  Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  38 

and  .;;. 


Period. 

(a) 

=  '- 

z  L 

-   - 

I-  - 
> 

Water  in 
incoming  air. 

Water  in  outgoing  air. 

(9) 

is 

H  - 
"   z 

0 : 

■-'- 
-"3  c 

£  t~ 
o  -  - 
o 

(0 

Date. 

(b) 

(c) 

■d 

X 

s 

"5 

(d) 

~  /  ^ 

-  -    N 

-  -    w 

< 

(e) 

-  '   . 

-  =    X 

=  =  — 
< 

(/) 

a 

+ 

- 

Total  water  of  r, 

piration  and   p» 
spiration,  //  +  //. 

1900.        Experiment  No.  SS.    //7m>. 

Mgs. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Apr,  20-21     7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m..    25, 652 

0.999 

207.8 

45.6 

253.4 

227.  - 

172.7 

400.5 

1  p.m.  toT  p.  in. . 

26,  430 

.972 

25.  7 

225.6 

43.3 

268.9 

243.2    +159.6 

402.8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27,985 

.936 

26.2 

229.6 

44.6 

271.2 

248.0    -  51.1 

196.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m.. 

27,208 

.859 

23.4 

231.0 

37.5 

268.5 

245.1    -  48.4 

196.7 

107.275 

100.  9 

894.0 

171.0 

1.065.0 

964.1    +232.8 

1,196.9 

21-22 

25,952    1.041 

27.0 

222.  1 

46.7 

269.1 

242.1    +293.2 

535.  3 

1  p.m.  to  7p.m.. 

25,952    1.060 

27.5 

213.4 

51 . 8 

265.  2 

237.7        i:;7.  1 

674.8 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.  m. . 

26,430     .886 

23.  4 

241.2 

11.2 

285.  1 

262.0         64.4 

197.6 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m.. 

27,208    1.818 

22.2 

240.  2 

278.  7 

256.  5 

-  53".  8 

202.7 

105,542    

100.1 

917.2 

18L2    L.098.4 

998. :'» 

+612.1 

1,610.4 

22-23 

26,  730 

1.085 

29.0 

252. 0 

48.5 

300.5 

271.5 

807.0 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

25,952 

1.169 

30.3 

260. 1 

46.8 

306.9 

276.  6 

841.3 

7  p.  m.  to  1  a.m.. 

26,430   1.022 

27.0 

241.  7 

42.0 

283.7 

2.56.  7 

-  34.2 

222.  5 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 
Total 

27,208     .879 

23.9 

241.0 

39.3 

280.3 

256.  I 

-  32.9 

223.  5 

106,320    

110.2 

994.  8 

176.6 

1,171.4 

1,061.2 

+1,033.1 

2,094.3 

Total,  :](lays 

319, 137 

311.2 

2.  806.  0 

528.  8 

3,331.8 

3,023.(1    1,878.0 

4,901.6 

Experimt  »i  No.  •  •",. 

Apr.  26-27 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m.. 

26,  7:50 

.910 

24.3 

248.2 

44.4 

292.6 

268.  3 

+424.4 

692.7 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,508 

.973 

26.8- 

261.6 

46.0 

307.6 

280.8 

+412.7 

693.5 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

27, 208 

.859 

23.4 

239.3 

40.6 

279.9 

256.  5 

-  66.5 

190.0 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.m.. 

27,208 

.  776 

21.1 

246.8 

35.6 

282. 4 

261.3 

-  61.7 

199.6 

Total 

7  a.  m.  to  1  i>.  m.. 

108,  6.54 

95.6 

995.  9 

166.6    1,162.5 

1,066.9    +708.9 

1,775.8 

27-28 

28, 285 

.938 

26.  5 

2.50.2 

45.6 

295. 8 

269.3    +410.7 

680.0 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.m.. 

27,507 

1.004 

27.6 

271.4 

42.5 

313.9 

286.3 

1-454.1 

740.4 

7  p.  in.  to  1  a.m.. 

2^,540 

.827 

24.4 

254.0 

46.1 

300.1 

27:..  7 

-  74.5 

201.2 

1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.. 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.  m.. 

28,762     .764 

22.0 

250.6 

39.6 

290.2 

268.2 

202.7 

114,094    

100.  5 

1,026.2 

173.  8 

1.200.0 

1,099.5 

-724.8 

1,824.8 

28-29 

27, 985     .  927 

25.9 

253.  5 

46.7 

300.2 

274.3 

+401.2 

675. 5 

1  p.m.  to  7  p.  m.. 

27,985    1.031 

28.8 

269.0 

46.3 

315.3 

286.5 

+448. 1 

7: '.1.6 

7  p.m.  to  1  a.m.. 

28, 762 

.904 

26.0 

246.0 

45.9 

291.9 

265.9 

-  71.0 

194.9 

1  a.m.  to  7  a.  in.. 

29,540 

.828 

24.4 

253.  3 

U.6       294.9 

270.5 

-  67.9 

202.  6 

Total 

Total,  3  days 

114,272      

105.  1 

1,021.8 

180.5    1.202.3 

1,097.2 

+  710.4 

1,807.6 

337, 020    

301.2 

3,043.9  i 

520.9    3,564.8 

<.  263.  6 

2,144.1 

5,  407.  7 

117 

Table  138  shows  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  during  the  successive 
6-hour  periods  of  the  two  experiments. 

Table   138. — Summary   of  calorimetric  measurements — Metabolism   experiment*  Nos.  82 

<i  ml  34. 


Date. 

Period. 

(a) 

Heat 

measured 

in  terms 

of  Coo- 

(6) 

Change 
of  tem- 
perature 
of  calo- 
rimeter. 

(c) 

Capacity 
correc- 
tion of 
calorime- 
ter, bx  60. 

(d) 

Correc- 
tion due 
to  tem- 
perature 
of  food 

and 
dishes  a. 

(e) 
Water  va- 
porized 
equals 
total 
amount 
exhaled 

less 
amount 
condens- 
ed in 
chamber. 

(/) 

Heat 
used  in 
vaporiza- 
tion of 
water, 
ex  0.592. 

(0) 

Total 
heat 
deter- 
mined, 
a+c+d 
+/. 

1900. 
Apr.   20-21 

Experiment  Xo.  32. 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1p.m. to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
la. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1p.m. to  7  p.m... 
7p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
la. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.  m.to  1  p.m... 
1  p. m.to  7  p.m... 
7p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
la. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  3  days 

Experiment  No.  Sh. 

7  a.  m.to  1  p.m... 
1p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
1  a. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7  a.  m.to  1  p.m... 
1p.m.  to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
la. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

7a.m.  to  1  p.m... 
1  p. m.to  7  p.m... 
7  p.m.  to  1  a.m... 
la. m.to  7  a.m... 

Total 

Total,  3  days 

Calories. 
979.0 
968.3 
444.4 
274.6 

Degree. 
+0.14 
+  .16 

Calories. 

+  8.4 
+  9.6 

Calorics. 

-  1.3 

-  8.7 
+  4.0 

Gi-ams. 
237.8 
242. 8 
243.9 
243.7 

<  'aJories. 
140.8 
143.7 
144.4 
144.3 

Calories. 

1,126.9 

1,112.9 

592.  8 

+  .02 

+  1.2 

420.1 

2, 666.  3 

+  .32 

+19.2 

•     -   6.0 

968.2 

573.2 

3,  252.  7 

21-22 

1,076.6 

1, 204. 1 

427.0 

251.7 

+  .04 
+  .02 

+  2.4 

+  1.2 

-     .2 
-10.6 
+  4.0 

251.3 
238.0 
255.6 
259.7 

148.8 
140.9 
151.3 
153.7 

1,227.6 

1,335.6 

582.3 

+  .01 

+     .6 

406.0 

2,  959. 4 

+  .07 

+  4.2 

-  6.8 

1, 004.  6 

594.7 

3,551.5 

22-23 

1,276.9 

1,299.5 

455.0 

243.8 

-  .03 
+  .03 

-  1.8 
+  1.8 

-  1.5 

-14.7 
+  3.8 

280.  2 
272.3 
252.5 
253.  5 

165.9 
161.2 
149.  5 
150.1 

1,439.5 

1,447.8 

608.3 

393.9 

3, 275.  2 

-12.4 

1,058.5 

626.7 

3, 889.  5 

8, 900. 9 

+23.  4 

-25.2 

3,031.3 

1,794.6 

10,  693.  7 

Apr.   26-27 

1,159.4 

1,151.8 

408.0 

229.5 

-  .07 

-  4.2 

-     .6 
-10.9 

+  3.8 

277. 2 
279.3 
251. 0 
259.6 

164.1 
165.3 
148.6 
153.7 

1,318.7 
1,  306. 2 

560.4 

383.2 

2, 948. 7 

-  .07 

-  4.2 

-  7.7 

1,067.1 

631.7 

3, 568.  5 

27-28 

1,158.9 

1,205.8 

396.6 

228.6 

-  .06 

-  .05 

-  3.6 

-  3.0 

-  1.0 

-  4.4 

+  4.7 

277.8 
284.  6 
267.2 

268.  7  ■ 

164.4 

168.5 
158.2 
159. 1 

1,318.8 

1,366.8 

559. 5 

387.7 

2, 989. 9 

-  .11 

-  6.6 

-     -7 

1,098.3 

650.2 

3,  632.  8 

28-29 

1,158.2 
1,171.8 

392. 0 

202. 1 

-  .01 
+  .01 

-  .01 

-  .6 
+     .6 

-  .6 

+     .7 
-12.1 

282. 9 
285.  3 
259.  9 
267.6 

167.4 
168.9 
153.  9 

158.4 

1,325.7 

1, 329.  2 

545. 3 

360. 5 

2, 924. 1 

-  .01 

-     .6 

-11.4 

1,095.7 

648.6 

3, 560.  7 

8, 862.  7 

-11.4 

-19.8 

3,261.1 

1,930.5 

10, 762. 0 

R Including  correction  for  4.8  calories  introduced  during  each  day  period  by  the  electric  current 
used  to  magnetize  the  fields  of  the  dynamo. 


118 


Balana  of  income  and  outgo  of  nuttier  and  energy. — From  the  pre- 
ceding statistics  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen, 
and  energy  on  the  different  days  of  the  two  experiments  are  computed, 

and  the  results  are  shown  in  Tables  139-142. 


Table  139. — Income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon — Metabolism  experiments  Xos. 

and  34- 


32 


Nitrogen. 


Date. 


(a) 

In 
food. 


1900. 
Experiment  No.  St. 

Apr.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

21-22.  7  a.m.  to  7a.m. 
22-23. 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 

Experiment  No.  Sk. 

Apr.  26-27,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m. 
27-28, 7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m . 
28-29,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Grams. 

16.1 
16.2 
16.1 


(6) 


(C) 


In  In 

urine. a 


Grams. 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 


48.4 

16.1 


3.6 

1.2 


Grams. 
16.3 
15.3 
15.6 


(d) 
Gain 
(  +  )or 

loss 

(-).a- 
(b+e). 


Carbon. 


(e) 

In 
food. 


(/) 

In 

feces. 


(0) 

In 

urine. 


(h)  (ft) 

In         Gain 

respira-   (  +  )  or 

toty    loss(-)» 

prod-  \e-(f+ 

ucts.   ,  g+h). 


Grams.    Grams.    Grams. 


1.  i 


320. 0 
320. 0 
320. 0 


12.6 
12.  6 
12.6 


Grams. 
11.3 
10.7 
10.9 


Grams. 
294.6 
329.9 

352.  4 


Grams. 
4-  1.5 
-33.2 
-55.9 


Total,  3  days... 
Average,  1  day 


16.0 

,2 

16.0 

1.2 

16.0 

1.2 

4>.0 

3.6 

16.0 

1.2 

17.4 
16.  3 
16.4  I 


-2.6 
-1.5 
1.6 


960.0 
320. 0 


37.  8 

12.  6 


32.9 
11.0 


976.9        -87.6 
325.  6        -29. 2 


335.7 
335.8 
335.7 


11.6 
11.5 
11.6 


12.2 
11.3 
11.4 


.50.1 
16.7 


5.7    1.007.2 
1.9       335.7 


34.7 
11.6 


34.9 
11.6 


338.  5  -26.  6 
350.  9  -37.  9 
346.9        -34.2 


1,036.3 
345.  4 


-98.7 
32.9 


a Including  nitrogen  in  perspiration,  amounting  to  0.4  gram  per  day. 

Table  140. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen — Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  3? 

and  34. 


Water. 

Date. 

(a) 
In  food. 

In  drink. 

(c) 
In  feces. 

(d) 
In  urine. 

(c) 

respira- 
tion prod- 
ucts. 

(/) 
Appar- 
ent loss, 
ai-b- 
(c-fd+e). 

1900. 

Experiment  No.  .52. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Greuns. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Apr.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1 ,  035.  9 

1,250 

71.6 

1,179.7 

1,196.9 

162.3 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1.035.9 

1,250 

71.5 

1.433.4 

1,610.4 

829.  4 

22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1.035.9 

1,250 

71.6 

1.048.7 

2, 094.  3 

'.'2-.  7 

Total.  3  days 

3,107.7 

8.  750 

214.7 

3,661.8 

4,901.6 

1 .  920.  4 

Average.  1  dav 

1,035.9 

1.250 

71.6 

1,220.6 

1, 633. 8 

640. 1 

Experiment  No.  34. 

Apr.  26-27,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,028.6 

1,2-50 

60.0 

7-9.  4 

1,775.8 

346.6 

27-  v   7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

1,028.6 

1.250 
1,2.50 

59.9 

851.2 

1,824  3 

456.  ^ 

28-29,  7a.rn.to7a.rn 

1,028.6 

60.0 

1,036.9 

1,807.6 

625.  9 

Total.  3  dav- 

3,085.8 
1,028.6 

3  750 

179  9 

2.677.5 
^92.  5 

5.  407.  7 

1.429.3 

Average.  1  'lav 

1.250 

60.0 

1.-02.5 

476.4 

119 


Table  140. — Income  and  outgo  of  water  and  hydrogen- 

and  34 — Continued. 


-Metabolism  experiments  Xos.  32 


Date. 


Hydrogen. 


(flO  (h) 


In  food. 


In  feces. 


(0 


In  urine. 


(0 

Appar- 
ent gain, 
g-(h+i), 


(m) 

Loss 
from 
water, 
/-9. 


(») 

Total 
gain  ( + ) 

or 
loss  (  — ), 

l+m. 


1900. 

E.rjK  riment  No.  32. 

Apr.  20-21 .7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

22-23,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 


Total,  3  days... 
Average.  1  day. 


Experiment  No.  Si 

Apr.  26-27,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  rn . . . 


27-28,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
28-29, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total,  3  days 

Average.  1  day 


Grams.  Grams. 

49.0  1.8 

49.0  1.8 

49.0  1.8 


Grams. 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 


Grams. 

+  44.1 
+  44.2 
+  44.2 


Grams. 

-  18.0 

-  92.2 
-103.2 


147.0 
49.0 


5.4 
1.8 


9.1 
3.0 


+132.  5       -213.  4 
+  44.2        -  71.1 


51.1 
51.1 
51.1 


1.7 
1.6 
1.7 


153.3 
51.1 


5.0 
1.7 


3.4 
3.1 
3.2 


46.0 
46.4 
46.2 


9.7 
3.2 


+138. 6 
+  46.2 


38.5 
50.8 
69,5 


-158.  8 
-  52.9 


Grams. 
+26.1 
-48.0 
-59.0 


26.9 


-  4.4 
-23.3 


-20. 2 
-  6.7 


Table  141. — Gain  or  loss  of  protein  (X  X6.25),  fat,  and  water — Metabolism  experiments 

Xos.  32  and  34. 


Date. 

(a) 

Nitrogen 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost(-). 

(6) 

Protein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-), 
ax  6.25. 

(c) 

Total 
carbon 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-). 

(d) 
Carbon 
in  pro- 
tein 
gained 
(  +  )or 
lost(-), 
6x0.53. 

(e) 

Carbon, 
in  fat 

etc., 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost(-), 

c-cl. 

(/) 

Fat 

gained 

(  +  )or 

lost  (-), 

e^-0.761. 

1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  32. 

Apr.  20-21.  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

21-22,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m 

22-23,  ~r  a .  m.  to  7  a .  m 

Grams. 

-1.4 
-  .3 

Grams. 

-  8.7 

-  1.9 
-4.4 

Grams. 
+  1.5 
-33. 2 
-55.9 

Grams. 

-  4.6 

-  1.0 
_   93 

Grams. 
+  6.1 
-32.2 
-53.6 

Grams. 
+    8.0 

-  42.3 

—  70  4 

Total .  3  davs 

-2.4         -15.0 

-  .8  1       -  5.0 

-S7.6         -  7.9 
_oo  O          _  9  fi 

-79.7 

— 9fi   fi 

104  7 

Average,  1  dav 

—  34  9 

Experiment  No.  SU. 
Apr.  26-27,  7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

—  2.6  i       —  1fi.S 

-26.6          -  S.6 
37  9              5  0 

-18.0 
32  9 

—  23  7 

-1.5 
-1.6 

-  9.4 
-10.0 

43  2 

7  a.m.  to  7  a.  m 

-34.2               5  3 

9K   Q 

38  0 

Total,  3  davs 

-5.7 
-1.9 

—35.7 

—98  7         —18  9 

-79.8 
-26.6 

104  9 

11  9 

3->  9               «  * 

35  0 

120 

Table  141. — Gain  or  loss  of protein  (X  X6.25),  fat,  and  water — MetaboU^n  experiments 

Nos.  82  and  34— Continued. 


Date. 


(<7) 


Total 


W 
Hydrogen 
hydrogen     "*  protein  |      in  fat      etc.,  gained 
gained  <  °^  gained    +   gained  (  +  )  (+   Sr  lost 
Slo?U-S )orlost(-).orlost  (-),  YJ)  - 
I     6x0.07.        /x 0.118.    ,    k  (£#) 


Hydrogen 
Hydrogen     in  Water, 
in  fat 


Water 
gained 

orlo-- 
A-X9. 


1900. 
Experiment  No.  32 

Apr.  20-21,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 

21-22.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
22-23.  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 

Experiment  No.  Sh 

Apr.  20-27,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
27-28,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 
28-29,  7  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m  . 

Total,  3  days 

Average,  1  day 


Grams.  Grams. 

+26. 1  -0. 6 

-48.0  -  .1 

-59.0  -  .3 


-26.9 


+  7.5 
-4.4 
-23.3 


-20.2 


Grams. 
+  0.9 

-  5.0 

-  8.3 


Grams. 
-25.  8 
-42.9 
-50.4 


•1.0 


-12.4 

-  4.1 


-67.5 
-22.  5 


-1.1 


-2.8 
-5.1 
-4.5 


-11.4 
+  1.4 
-18.1 


-z.  o 

-  .8 


-12.4 
-  4.1 


-5.3 

-1.8 


Grams. 

-232.2 

—  453.6 


-607.  5 


+102.6 
-  12.6 
-162.  9 


-  47.7 

-  15.9 


Table  142. — Income,  and  outgo  of  energy — Metabolism  experiments  Nos.  3?  and  34- 


Date. 


(a) 


(6) 


(c) 


Heat  of  Heat  of  Heat  of 
com-   com-   com- 


Esti- 
mated 

heat  of 
com- 
bustion 

bustion  bustion  bustion  of  pro- 
of food       of 
eaten,     feces. 


(«) 

Esti- 
mated 
heat  of 

com- 
bustion 


Esti- 
mated 

energy 
of  ma- 
terial 


1900. 

Experiment  Xo.  32. 

Apr.  20-21, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
21-22, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
22-23,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 

Total,  3  day- 

Average,  1  day 

Experiment  No.  SU. 

Apr.  26-27, 7  a.m.  to  7a.m. 
27-28,7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 
28-29, 7  a.m.  to  7  a.m. 


Calo- 
ries.   ; 

3,487 

3,487 


3, 487 


Calo- 
ries. 

142 

141 

142 


of 


tein 


SSlti  dizedin  mined. 


urine,    gained  ?**??£      the 
(  +  )or    (  +  >or  body,  a 
lost        ,ios?     -(6+c| 


(-)• 


(-)• 


Calo- 
ries. 

129 

113 

116 


Calo- 
ries. 

-  35 


3    - 
11    - 


Calo- 
ries. 

77 

404 

672 


+d+e) 


Calo- 

3,174 
3,634 
3,912 


10,461  425 

3.4-7  142 


358 
119 


43    - 
14    - 


333 


10, 720     10, 694 
3, 573       3, 565 


493 
493 


Total,  3  days... 
Average,  1  day 


126 

131 

-  79 

-  226 

125 

125 

-  40 

-  413 

126 

123 

-  43 

-  363 

3.  -541  3, 568 
3, 6%  3, 6:33 
3, 6-50       3, 561 


10,479 
3, 493 


126 


379 
126 


-162  1-1,002     10,887      10,762 
-  54    -     334       3,629       3.587 


-  27 

-  63 


-1.7 

-2.4 


125 
42 


1.1 


121 

SUMMARY  AND  RESULTS  OF  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  INVESTIGATIONS. 

Number  of  experiments  and  experimental  days. — Between  February. 
1896,  and  April.  L900,  inclusive,  34  experiments,  covering  a  period  of 
114  days,  were  made  with  the  respiration  calorimeter. 

The  tirst  four  of  these,  covering  a  period  of  21  days,  were  desig- 
nated as  experiments  Nos.  1-1.  and  the  results  were  published  in  a 
previous  bulletin.1'  Nine  of  the  12  days  covered  by  experiment  No.  1, 
however,  really  comprised  three  separate  experiments,  distinguished 
from  one  another  by  difference  in  occupation  of  the  subject:  these,  for 
convenience,  may  be  designated  as  la.  lb.  and  1c.  In  all  these 
experiments  (Xos.  l-4c)  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen  and  carbon 
and  the  income  of  energy  were  determined,  but  the  heat  given  off 
from  the  body  was  not  measured.  Since  they  show  only  the  bal- 
ance of  income  and  outgo  of  matter,  including  the  material  excreted 
in  the  breath,  they  are  termed  ;% respiration"  experiments. 

The  results  of  six  other  experiments.  Xos.  5-10.  covering  a  period 
of  24  days,  have  also  been  published. b  In  these,  and  all  later  experi- 
ments, the  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen, 
and  energy  was  determined,  and  they  are.  therefore,  termed  "respira- 
tion calorimeter"  or  ••  metabolism"  experiments. 

Of  the  remaining  24  experiments.  13,  covering  a  period  of  41  days, 
are  reported  in  detail  in  the  present  bulletin:  the  results  of  the  other 
11  experiments,  covering  a  period  of  2^  days,  and  belonging  to  another 
investigation,  are  reported  elsewhere.0 

Accordingly,  the  total  number  of  respiration  calorimeter  experi- 
ments thus  far  decribed.  including  those  in  the  present  report,  is  30, 
covering  93  days.  Besides  these.  14  experiments,  covering  41  days, 
made  in  the  winter  and  spring  of  1900-1901,  are  now  completed  and 
nearly  ready  for  publication,  thus  making  44  experiments.  Xos.  4-4S, 
covering  134  days,  in  which  the  balance  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydro- 
gen, and  energy  has  been  directly  measured.  Adding  the  respiration 
experiments,  included  in  Xos.  l-4c  and  covering  21  days,  we  have  48 
experiments,  covering  155  days,  in  which  the  balance  of  nitrogen  and 
carbon  was  determined. 

Each  metabolism  experiment,  or  series  of  experiments,  was  imme- 
diately preceded  by  a  digestion  experiment  of  several  days'  duration, 
in  which  the  subject  had  the  same  diet  as  in  the  metabolism  experi- 
ment, the  purpose  being  to  bring  the  body  into  approximate  nitrogen 

*U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  44. 

!  U.  S.  Dept.  Aer..  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bills.  63  and  69. 

e Memoirs  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Vol.  VIII.  Sixth  Memoir,  1902. 


122 

and  carbon  equilibrium  before  the  beginning  of  the  metabolism  experi- 
ment proper,  and  at  the  same  time  to  secure  a  more  nearly  accurate 
measure  of  the  digestibility  of  the  food.  It  is  almost  impossible  to 
obtain  exact  nitrogen  equilibrium  since  physiological  factors,  little 
understood  and  not  easily  controlled,  cause  more  or  less  fluctuation  in 
the  elimination  of  nitrogen,  even  when  the  amount  in  the  diet  is 
uniform.  These  preliminary  digestion  experiments  were  generally 
of  1  days'  duration.  Experiments  Xos.  1-4,  however,  were  both  pre- 
ceded and  followed  by  digestion  periods  of  3  days,  while  some  later 
experiments  were  preceded  by  periods  more  or  less  than  1  days.  In 
these  preliminary  digestion  experiments  the  income  and  outgo  of  nitro- 
gen were  determined,  so  that  the  nitrogen  metabolism  was  measured, 
and  in  this  sense  they  are  metabolism  experiments,  although  they  are 
not  here  so  designated.  There  were  altogether  14  digestion  and  nitro- 
gen metabolism  experiments  which  accompanied  or  made  a  part  of  the 
31  experiments  with  the  respiration  calorimeter.  They  covered  201 
days.  Only  a  small  number  of  the  results  of  these  digestion  experi- 
ments, viz,  those  belonging  to  respiration  experiments  Xos.  1-1,  have 
yet  been  published. 

Questions  studied.- — Although  the  larger  part  of  the  seven  years' 
work  in  connection  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  in  this  laboratory 
has  been  devoted  to  the  developing  and  perfecting  of  apparatus  and 
experimental  methods,  yet  during  the  progress  of  the  inquiry  a  mass 
of  data  has  accumulated  and  results  bearing  upon  a  variety  of  ques- 
tions have  been  obtained.  A  proper  discussion  of  the  results  would 
include  a  consideration  of  the  following  and  other  topics:  (1)  The 
kinds,  amounts,  and  digestibility  of  the  food;  (2)  the  quantity  and 
composition  of  the  excretory  products;  (3)  the  daily  elimination  of 
water,  carbon  dioxid,  and  heat,  and  the  rates  of  elimination  at  different 
periods  of  the  day  and  under  different  conditions;  (1)  the  kinds  and 
amounts  of  material  actually  oxidized  by  the  different  subjects  under 
different  conditions  of  rest  and  work;  (5)  the  estimated  amounts  of 
oxygen  used  and  the  estimated  respiratory  quotients;  (6)  the  demands 
of  different  persons  for  nourishment  under  different  conditions:  (7) 
the  functions  of  the  different  nutrients  and  their  mutual  replacing 
power,  or  the  nutritive  values  of  different  food  materials;  (8)  the  energy 
of  the  food  and  of  the  material  oxidized  as  compared  with  that  given 
off  from  the  body:  and.  finally  (9),  the  general  bearing  of  the  results 
upon  the  metabolism  of  energy.  A  number  of  collateral  topics  would 
also  call  for  discussion,  such  as  (10)  the  effects  of  different  conditions 
of  food,  rest,  and  work  upon  bodily  temperature;  (11)  the  composition 
of  the  air  in  the  chamber  as  related  to  the  rate  of  ventilation  and  the 
well-being  of  the  occupant,  and  as  bearing  upon  the  general  hygiene  of 
ventilation,  (12)  details  of  the  apparatus,  and  (13)  methods  of  experi- 
mental inquiry. 


123 

While  none  of  these  topics  pan  be  discussed  to  the  best  advantage 
until  the  publication  of  further  experimental  data,  or  without  due  con- 
sideration of  the  results  of  research  elsewhere,  brief  reference  may  be 
made  to  a  few  of  them  in  order  to  illustrate  some  of  the  ways  in  which 
the  experiments  are  throwing  light  upon  the  fundamental  questions 
of  the  metabolism  of  matter  and  energy  in  the  body,  and  consequently 
upon  the  general  laws  of  nutrition.  Accordingly,  the  data  already 
reported  are  here  used  for  a  preliminary  discussion  of  a  number  of 
problems  of  general  interest.  These  include  (1)  food  materials  -up- 
plied  and  consumed  and  the  difference  in  the  amounts  of  nutrients 
demanded  by  men  at  rest  and  at  work.  (2)  the  elimination  of  water.  (3) 
the  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid.  (4)  the  elimination  of  energy,  and 
(5)  the  income  and  outgo  of  energy  and  the  action  of  the  law  of  the 
conservation  of  energy  in  the  body.  The  text-books  and  treatises  bear- 
ing on  these  subjects  contain  more  or  less  detailed  statements  and 
conclusions.  It  appears  that  in  numerous  instances  the  commonly 
quoted  figures  and  conclusions  rest  upon  much  less  experimental  evi- 
dence than- is  furnished  by  the  experiments  with  the  respiration  calo- 
rimeter just  referred  to.  In  the  construction  of  this  apparatus  it  was 
possible  to  make  use  of  the  experience  and  results  of  earlier  investi- 
gators; the  facilities  have  permitted  the  obtaining  of  more  accurate 
and  extensive  data  than  had  previously  been  practicable:  and  it  is 
believed  that  the  results  are  of  sufficient  interest  to  warrant  their 
publication  even  though  future  research  may  call  for  more  or  less  modi- 
fication of  the  inferences  deduced  from  them. 

Brief  summaries  of  results  are  given  on  the  following  pages.  These 
results  are  derived  from  the  statistics  of  experiments  Nos.  5-11.  13, 
14.  21.  23-26.  28,  29.  31.  32.  and  34.  The  result.-  summarized  in 
Table  144.  p.  129.  include,  in  addition,  the  results  of  experiments 
Nos.  1-4.  in  which  the  outgo  of  energy  was  not  determined. 

Subjects  of  the  experiments. — Four  different  men.  E.  O.,  O.  F.  T., 
A.  W.  S...  and  J.  F.  S..  have  served  as  subjects  in  these  experiments. 
They  were  all  in  excellent  health.  E.  O.  was  a  laboratory  assistant, 
a  native  of  Sweden,  who  had  been  a  number  of  years  in  this  country. 
At  the  time  of  the  experiments  here  recorded  he  was  about  32  years 
old  and  weighed  not  far  from  70  kilograms.  A.  W.  S.  was  a  phys- 
icist, a  native  of  New  England.  25  years  old.  and  weighed  about  70 
kilograms.  O.  F.  T..  a  chemist,  the  subject  of  but  one  experiment, 
No.  3.  was  also  a  native  of  New  England.  24  years  old.  and  weighed 
about  60  kilogram-  J.  F.  S..  a  chemist,  was  a  native  of  Canada.  29 
years  old.  and  weighed  about  65  kilograms. 

Rest  and  work  experiments. — In  the  rest  experiments  the  subjects 
were  as  quiet  a-  they  well  could  be.  Practically  their  only  muscular 
exercise  was  that   involved  in  dressing  and  undressing,  folding  and 


124 

unfolding  the  bed.  chair,  and  table,  eating,  caring  for  the  excretory 
products,  and  weighing  themselves  and  the  absorbers.  They  did 
more  or  less  reading  and  writing  to  pass  the  time.  In  the  work 
experiments  they  spent  a  number  of  hours,  generally  8  each  day. 
driving  a  stationary  bicycle.*  It  was  their  purpose  to  do  a  reasonable 
but  not  excessive  amount  of  work. 

Experiments  Nos.  1  and  2  with  E.  O.,  No.  3  with  O.  F.  T.,  and  Nos. 
4a  and  4b  with  A.  W.  S.,  were  rest  experiments,  while  No.  4c  with 
A.  W.  S.  was  a  work  experiment.  In  none  of  these  experiments  were 
satisfactory  determinations  made  of  the  outgo  of  energy.  The  experi- 
mental days  began  at  different  hours,  and  were  not  divided  into 
6-hour  experimental  periods,  as  was  done  in  all  experiments  after 
No.  4c.  Taking  into  account  the  19  experiments,  summarized  in  the 
following  tables,  in  which  the  measurements  of  the  outgo  of  energy 
were  considered  satisfactory,  there  were  9  rest  experiments  with 
E.  O.,  covering  33  days;  1  rest  experiment  with  A.  W.  S.,  covering  3 
days,  and  3  rest  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.,  covering  9  days,  making 
altogether  13  rest  experiments,  covering  45  days.  There  were  also  2 
work  experiments  with  E.  O.,  covering  8  days,  and  4  work  experi- 
ments with  J.  F.  S.,  covering  12  days,  making  together  6  work 
experiments,  covering  20  days.  Altogether  the  19  rest  and  work 
experiments  covered  a  total  period  of  65  days.  In  addition,  9  rest 
experiments  covering  22  days  and  2  work  experiments  covering  6 
days  were  completed  during  this  time  in  connection  with  a  separate 
investigation. 

Division  of  experimental  days  into  periods. — Each  of  these  experi- 
ments is  divided  into  da}Ts  of  24  hours,  beginning  and  ending  at  7  a.  m. 
Each  day  is  divided  into  4  periods  of  6  hours  each;  the  first  2,  called 
day  periods,  extending  from  7  a.  m.  to  1  p.  m.  and  from  1  p.  m  to  7 
p.  m. ;  the  last  2,  called  night  periods,  extending  from  7  p.  m.  to  1  a. 
m.  and  from  1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m. 

The  chief  reason  for  beginning  the  experimental  day  in  the  morning 
is  found  in  the  belief  that  the  condition  of  the  bod^v  in  respect  to  the 
amounts  of  material  in  the  alimentaiw  canal  and  of  carbohydrates  (glyco- 
gen) andoxvgen  in  "the  tissues  and  fluids  would  be  more  nearly  the  same, 
from  day  to  day,  at  the  end  of  the  period  of  rest  and  sleep  than  at  any 
other  time. 


!l  Excepting  in  experiment  ISo.  4b,  in  which  the  subject  raised  and  lowered  a 
weight  attached  to  a  rope  which  passed  over  a  pulley. 


125 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  OF  INDIVIDUAL  EXPERIMENTS. 

In  Table  143.  below,  are  summarized  the  results  of  the  experiments 
made  with  the  respiration  calorimeter  which  have  been  thus  far 
reported  by  this  Department. a  The  table  shows  the  balance  of  income 
and  outgo  of  nitrogen,  carbon,  and  energy,  as  well  as  the  computed 
gain  or  loss  of  body  protein  and  fat. 

'During  the  interval  between  the  first  and  last  of  the  experiments  here  reported 
nine  experiments  were  carried  on  under  the  auspices  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  for 
the  Investigation  of  the  Drink  Problem  in  connection  with  an  independent  investi- 
gation concerning  the  effect  of  alcohol  in  the  diet.  For  convenience  in  keeping  labo- 
ratory records  all  the  experiments  were  numbered  consecutively.  These  experi- 
ments, in  which  alcohol  formed  a  part  of  the  diet,  comprised  Xos.  7,  10,  12,  15-20, 
22,  27,  30,  and  33.  The  details  of  the  first  two  were  published  in  U.  S.  Dept. 
Alt..  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69;  those  of  the  remaining  eleven  will  be 
found  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  Vol.  VIII,  Sixth 
Memoir,  entitled  An  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Nutritive  Value  of  Alcohol, 
1902. 


126 


I 

.  © 

1 


(i.iiiii)  pu  pin;  .itnonui 
).>u    od3M)dq  .>>uruaui(i 


—    -.;     t  i     —    i  -     s     ~.     / 

—     r-     H     o 

fc  "X    — •    —    -.-.    ri          —    oi    ri    r-    ~: 

R,  |    ;    i    i   +  +  +  +   i 

CO      —                01 

+  + 

,         co    o    it    04    ©    ©    oi    o    -r    x 
2  ■;    ©    -r    i-    co    —    co     -:     —     :: 

§f  7  i   i  +  +  +  +  i  +  i 

1-     ut     01     01 

oi           -r 

+    + 

•oSjno 

it 

2,879 
2,894 
2,287 

a  m  h  eo 
of    of    ri    Ol' 

g 
of 

RG 

ri    ri 

~J    -■    ~    ■" 
r'i    ri    n    ri 
ri    ri    ri    oi 

•araoouj  i-m  !paz}p 

-JX0  A[ll!IU»!  IIUJOIVUI   jo 

8* 

|  -3  i 

of  of  ef 

1^       «      (N       H 

i  -     £     —     : : 

Tl      01      —      |H 

ri    pi    oi    ri 

© 
r  i 
ri 

x    o 
■-.     / 
n    ri 

ri    ri 

•J,  260 
2,804 
2,242 
2,048 

•(-)    SS0[ 

jo  (  +  )  un?S  '}bj  Apoq  jo 

-  73 
-135 

+  171 

+199 

■  258 

229 

— 
+ 

1-1     cc 

S  '- 
+  + 

218 

284 

885 

+233 

•(-)ssoi  JO  (  +  ) 
un:r;    •ui-uu.nl    Apoq     JO 


—    o    I- 

ri    —     - 

I       I       I 


r-      ©      ©      OJ 
l~  r-      CO 

I    I  +  I 


ouun  jo 


3     :: 


3   :;   S   £         ^L:A 


■J  JO 

c  y.    -r    i~    —    —    ri    ri     X     —    r-    — 

^     i      ~                 n      r.      n      r-                 ri      -       - 

6  ~ 

§13| 

•poo j  io 

,                lCr1l^l^n©CO©r1r1 

o  ■_•    it    -r    ©    n    o    ©    —    —    —    x 

>g  Jg    CO    ^     X     I-     1-     '0     irt      .0     ©     © 

7  £  3 

I-      O)      00      T 

Cj  t-    oi    of    oi    ri    oi    oi    ri    oi    co    of 

ri    ri    ri    ri 

a     '.-.    :z    ri    ri 


xa    ©    i^    -r 


■  ( — )  sso[  jo  ( + )  ureS  'ji?  j 


I    I   + 


•(-) 

sso{  jo  (  +  )  uitiS  'uia^ojj 


04     ©     ©     ©     ©     t-      —      ^      1  - 


I         I 


II         I 


ri    ri    —    ri 


—    .r     — 
I       I      + 


.-  ©    © 


X       X       1^       r- 


•(-)  ssoj  jo  (  +  )  un?o 

«  i  7  +  +  +  +  +  +  +  + 

ri    ci    cr    — 

+ 

■sjonpoad  Xjojxuidsaj  ui 

.i^iointooiNM^roa 

pi     rM     ~f     —     DO     — '     io'     I-     ©'     ©     CO* 
.t-CCnOlOli-iOOr-ieOn 
COIOJOJOIOICIOJOIOIOI 

219.9 
217.4 
216.6 
196. 1 

©     CO     © 


•auiju  ui 


n      CO     CO 


CO     it     i-     M     IN     » 

ri    co    .o    ri    oi    ph 


•S0D3J  TIJ 


•pooj  HI 


x     i~    ©    tj<    x 

m   d    d   «  h 


tj<     CN     iO     © 

t^   ©■   ©   © 


©      i-l      I-      ©      QC      X      © 


X     1--     ©     n     CI     it     © 
T     n     1^     ©     iO     —     DC 

MNNNINNINOICIM 


cc    QO    ©    © 
ci   d  fi  h 


©    ©    r»    ■* 
— i    d>    ©'    oi 


l^     OI     ©     O) 


it      © 

r-        l~ 

oi    ri 


1  (— )   SS0[  JO  (  +  )  uibo 


I    I 


©     ©     n     © 

i  7  7 


©    eo    co 
oi 
I      I     + 


•S9D0J  III 


•pooj  III 


l-      CC      ri      CC 

©'©'©'©' 


—     X      /      X 
it     ©     ©     X" 


•nopuma 


t^-   ©   co   © 


I      I     +     I 


— 

t^ 

■  -. 

— 

iC 

,-. 

r: 

© 

ri 

it 

■rj« 

— 

— 

■>* 

•ouun 

"I 

X 

1- 

- 

X 

- 

© 

~ 

r. 

r 

X 

X 

IO 

■~ 

\a 

©    lt>    l-~    © 
X)     it     I-'     it 


5  o 


r  ?  "O  ■ 

«  5  §  ! 

g  S  •*  : 

Il|  i 

^  -  ^  x 

©  *"  -  j- 

~  ~    5 

So  5b  §  "g 


?    ?    ~    -    - 


■  -.      1-       X       ©     ©     CO 


•j.K}uuni  pmag 


127 


«fi 

© 

H 

1— 1 

i^. 

00      © 

rH 

se 

CM 

C1) 

© 

eo 

CM 

■N 

CI 

-1 

,_( 

J_ 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

+   1 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

© 

Cl 

© 

00 

"I 

a 

m 

+ 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

+   1 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

+ 

1 

1 

© 
I- 

8 

3 

re 

CM 

© 

C) 

$     r5 

© 

r 

8 

'.Q 

lr 

© 

t_; 

CM 

X 

CM 
C-l 

CM 

TI 

Cl 

CM 

CM 

CM 

eo 

eo    eo 

eo 

eo 

co 

eo 

eo 

M 

CM 

CM 

~1 

© 

iO 

i(C 

© 

ec 

X 

l~ 

-.; 

CM 

CI 

X 

©    oc 

iO 

© 

uO 

© 

© 

r- 

Ti 

CM 

CM 

CM 

eo 

eo    eo 

eo 

eo 

ec 

eo 

eo 

CO 

CM 

CM 

or 

S 

ur. 

iC 

?c' 

CO 

CM 

CM 

CO' 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

+ 

+ 

■-; 

CM 

00 

© 

1-      CM 

r 

eo 

TT 

s 

© 

1 

1 

1 

+ 

+ 

1 

1 

•     1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

.- 

eo    © 

eo    CN 

— 

— 

-1 

Cl 

o 

CO 

id 

© 

©       05 

CM 

CM 

rH      t^ 

Cl 

Cl 

in 

7 

~ 

-- 

3 

©    r» 

© 

CO     1-- 

"* 

■^ 

irt 

© 

© 

CM 

CN 

CM 

eo 

eo    eo 

eo 

eo 

CO 

eo 

eo 

c 

CM 

K 

ex 

ifi 

a 

^t< 

I>      r- 

X 

* 

© 

© 

© 

CO 

rH 

[^ 

oc 

— 

iO 

S3 

r^ 

Cl 

ci 

CO       Tf 

"i 

eo 

Cs 

4- 

+ 

+ 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

\ 

1 

1 

+ 

+ 

m 

c 

00 

© 

© 

©   © 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

— 

rr 

X) 

r* 

«s 

■"* 

■* 

© 

CM 

irr 

Cl 

iC 

— 

eo 

~T 

co 

1 

1 

! 

1 

+ 

+ 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

TI 

CT 

00 

CM 

■>f 

©   t- 

oo 

eo 

CM 

© 

r-i 

© 

© 

-r 

- 

a 

CO 

eo 

CM      CM 

CO     CO 

© 

eo 

"i 

-1 

ri 

rs 

-i 

+ 

+ 

+ 

- 

1 

1 

: 

f 

1 

1 

1 

1 

t- 

CC 

>H 

Tf 

CM 

©    © 

© 

X 

© 

■<* 

© 

CM 

rH 

o 

r- 

SO 

— 

C 

S    8    3 

uO 

% 

iC 

s 

35 

uO 

co 

Cl 

CN 

CM 

CI 

eo 

eo    eo 

co 

CO 

CO 

eo 

C- 

co 

CM 

CM 

— 

ec 

— 

M 

'" 

t>-    © 

OM 

cn 

© 

© 

CN 

l> 

CM 

y-t 

a 

CM 

CI 

n 

CM      CM 

,— 1 

a 

rH 

,_, 

^_ 

CM 

CM 

1-1 

1-1 

1-1 

i-l      i-i 

1-1 

1-1 

1-1 

1-1 

*"* 

o 

t^ 

CO 

iC 

•* 

Cn 

eo 

CO 

rH 

© 

© 

CN 

Cl 

© 

i-H 

a 

- 

c 

a 

CM 

©    © 

X, 

ao 

Cl 

r4 

CM 

© 

r^ 

1-1 

1-1 

1-1 

X 

a 

t> 

Tj< 

t^ 

iTi      rH 

- 

iC 

3 

l^ 

t^ 

X 

c 

CM 

.~ 

? 

OS 

CI 

so 

CO     lO 

— 

,4 

in 

|> 

£ 

- 

CM 

CM. 

CO 

eo    eo 

ec 

eo 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Cs 

CM 

i- 

:- 

00 

© 

ri 

io    co 

00 

eo 

X 

© 

C 

m 

t^ 

© 

r- 1 

rH 

1 

1 

1 

1 

+ 

1 

+ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

M 

t~ 

© 

Tj< 

ID 

eo 

o 

© 

l^ 

l^ 

a 

-r 

Cs 

CO 

ID 

iC 

h- 

C- 

52 

X 

r- 

© 

m 

iO 

© 

©' 

1, 

^ 

^ 

H 

1-1 

1-1 

CM 

<N 

CM 

iC 

c 

© 

00 

00 

CM 

C) 

a 

M 

c 

CM 

00 

ir 

© 

© 

i— 1 

X 

iO 

a 

r^ 

rH 

© 

Cl 

I- 

l^ 

w 

5C 

or 

t^C 

35 

T 

35 

© 

--T 

■^ 

© 

I- 

1, 

1-1 

1-1 

1-1 

rH 

1-1 

1-1 

eo 

"* 

CO 

CO 

^ 

s 

02 

s. 

a 

d 

►-9 

^2 

S-i 

Z 

I> 

1 

.1 

i-s 

— 

a 

0 

- 

OQ 

x 

'S 

a 

r^ 
(H 

5 

o 

fl 

03 

5 

EC 

X 

X 

0) 

X 

02 

o3 

oc 

0) 

a 

(U 

09 

CO 

0) 

5 

a, 

5 

a 

13 

03 

M 
p 

In 

rr> 
-0 

- 

03 

1 

o 

a 

< 

>H 

+a 

0) 

02 

ft 

c3 

rH 

I- 

eo 

CO 

o 

6 

0) 

a 

o 

> 

o 
-1 

d 

- 
- 

o 

CD 
CI 

1-5 

05 

•^; 

d 

o 

C 
a 

O 

Z 

o 

— 

2 
o 
r» 

be 

a 

> 

Sac 

> 

5 

o> 

> 

'— J 

o 

d 

0 
T3 

b« 

- 

> 

X 

bt 

83 
> 

x 

1 

> 

X 

> 

o 

— 

•d 

<! 

«1 

<J 

X 

<i 

< 

■^ 

< 

<J 

X 

© 

© 

,_, 

(N 

CO 

CO 

128 

The  experiments  are  grouped  in  Table  113  according  to  their  char- 
acter, whether  rest  or  work,  and  subgrouped  according  to  the  person 
serving  as  subject.  AVith  E.  O.  there  were  made  9  rest  experiments 
covering  33  days,  of  which  two.  Nos.  7  and  10.  reported  in  an  earlier 
bulletin  of  this  Office*  were  made  for  a  special  purpose.  In  Table 
113  the  results  are  averaged  both  with  and  without  these  two  experi- 
ments. One  rest  experiment  was  made  with  A.  W.  S.  and  3  with  J. 
F.  S.  In  all  these  experiments  the  ration  was  determined  as  far  as 
possible  by  the  food  requirements  of  the  subject  under  the  particular 
conditions.  The  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  in  the  rest  experi- 
ments with  E.  O.  averaged  18.8,  with  A.  W.  S.  15.5,  and  with  J.  F. 
S.  16.5  grams  per  clay.  The  amount  metabolized  was  approximately 
in  the  same  proportion.  The  amounts  of  carbon  and  energy  in  the 
food  were  also  larger  with  E.  O.  than  with  the  other  subjects,  but 
there  was  comparatively  little  difference  in  the  amounts  actually 
metabolized.  The  daily  amount  of  energy  averaged  2,280  calories 
with  E.  O.,  2,304  with  A.  W.  S.,  and  2,117  with  J.  F.  S. 

Two  work  experiments  covering  8  days  were  made  with  E.  O.,  and 
•1  covering  12  days  with  J.  F.  S.  The  quantity  of  nitrogen,  carbon, 
and  energy  in  the  food  and  in  the  material  actually  oxidized  was  greater 
in  the  case  of  E.  O.  than  J.  F.  S.  The  amount  of  muscular  work  per- 
formed was  also  larger.  The  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  and  in 
the  material  actually  metabolized  was,  however,  not  greatly  different 
from  the  corresponding  amounts  in  the  rest  experiments.  The  energy 
of  material  oxidized  averaged  3,805  calories  with  E.  O.  and  3,517 
calories  with  J.  F.  S.  The  agreement  between  the  values  for  net  in- 
come and  net  outgo  differed  through  limits  which  are  doubtless  within 
the  range  of  experimental  error  and  physiological  uncertainties. 

Further  discussion  of  the  results  obtained  in  the  experiments  will 
be  found  in  the  more  general  tables  following. 

FOOD  MATERIALS  SUPPLIED  AND  CONSUMED,  AND  THE  DIFFER- 
ENCE IN  DEMAND  BY  MEN  AT  REST  AND  AT  WORK. 

One  of  the  objects  of  these  experiments  is  to  accumulate  informa- 
tion regarding  the  demands  of  the  body  for  food  with  different  per- 
sons and  under  different  conditions  of  rest  and  work.  Data  bearing 
upon  these  questions  are  found  in  all  of  the  experiments.  The 
detailed  tables  show  the  total  amounts  and  the  composition  of  the 
food,  drink,  and  excretory  products.  The  figures  in  Table  114  sum- 
marize very  briefly  some  of  the  principal  results. 

aTJ.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69. 


129 


Table  144. — Income  and  outgo  of  material  in  the  body,  and  gains  and 
and  fat  with  different  diets — Amounts  per  dag. 


of  protein 


.Subject,  duration,  and  character  of  experiment. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbon. 

Energy. 

Protein  : 

(NX6.25). 

Fat. 

REST   EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  ().,  11  experiments, 37  days,  average: 

Grams. 
17.7 
18.5 

Grams. 
231.5 
218.6 

Calories. 
2,459 
2,297 

Grams. 
Ill 
116 

Grams. 

-     .8 

+  12.9 

-     5 

+  20 

0.  F.  T.,  1  experiment,  5  days,  average: 

14.4 
13.7 

216. 5 
219.9 

2,442 
2,505 

90 
86 

+     .7 

-     3.4 

+     4 

-     7 

A.  W.  S.,  3  experiments,  9  days,  average: 

14.7 

13.7 

214. 3 
229. 1 

2,344 
2,293 

92 
86 

Gain  ( + )  or  loss  ( — )  in  body 

+  1.0 

-  14.8 

+     6 

-  24 

15.4 

15.7 

228.7 
207.8 

2,381 
2,117 

96 

98 

-     .3 

+  20.9 

-     2 

+  29 

E.0.,0.F.T.,A.W.S.,J.  F.  S.,  18  experiments,  60 
days,  average: 

16.6 
16.9 

227.  3 
218.7 

2, 428 
2,285 

104 
106 

-     .3 

+     8.6 

-     2 

+  13 

WORK   EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0.,  2  experiments,  8  days,  average: 

17.6 
17.3 

326.2 
358.  9 

3, 462 
3,865 

110 
108 

Gain  ( +  )  or  loss  ( - )  in  body 

+     .3 

-  32.7 

+     2 

-  43 

A.  W.  S.,  1  experiment,  3  days,  average: 
In  digested  food 

14.8 
•        14.1 

223.  6 
371.5 

2, 505 
4,325 

92 

88 

In  material  oxidized  . . 

Gain  (  +  )  or  loss  (  — )  in  body 

-147.9 

+     4 

-196 

J.  F.  S.,  4  experiments,  12  days,  average: 

In  digested  food 

15.0 
16.0 

306.4 
330.4 

3, 251 
3,547 

94 
100 

In  material  oxidized 

<  Jain  ( + )  or  loss  ( — )  in  bodv 

-  1.0 

-  24.0 

|         -     6 

—  27 

E.O.,  A.  W.  S.,  J.  F.  S.,  7  experiments,  23  days, 
average: 
In  digested  food 

15.9 
16.2 

302.5 
345.7 

3, 227 
3,759 

99 
101 

Gain  ( + )  or  loss  ( — )  in  body 

-     .3 

-  43.2 

-     2 

—  55 

By  ''digestible  food"  or  "digested  food"  is  understood  the  totai 
food  less  the  feces — in  other  words,  the  sum  of  the  nutrients  which  are 
available  to  the  body  for  the  building  of  tissue  and  yielding  energy. 
No  correction  is  introduced  for  metabolic  products  in  the  feces,  since 
these  were  derived  originally  from  the  food  (or  body  tissue)  and  are  a 

13007— No.  109—02 9 


130 

necessary  accompaniment  of  undigested  material.  The  available  energy 
of  the  food  is  the  total  heat  of  combustion  of  the  food  minus  the  heat 
of  combustion  of  the  unoxidized  materials  of  feces  and  urine.  No 
further  correction  for  the  labor  of  chewing  and  digesting  is  included. 
It  is  assumed  that  the  quantity  of  carbohydrates  in  the  body  is  the  same 
at  the  beginning  as  at  the  end  of  the  experiment.  The  gains  and  losses 
of  body  protein  and  body  fat  are  computed  from  the  gains  and  losses 
of  the  nitrogen  and  carbon.8  Accordingly  the  figures  show  the 
average  daily  amounts  of  available  protein  and  energy  supplied  by  the 
food  and  the  amounts  actually  used  by  the  body  when  the  subject  had 
a  minimum  amount  of  exercise  and  when  he  was  engaged  in  decidedly 
active  muscular  work. 

The  materials  actually  oxidized  in  the  body  are  the  digested  nutri- 
ents of  the  food  minus  the  protein  or  fat  gained  or  plus  the  protein  or 
fat  lost  by  the  body.  The  data  thus  show  very  clearly  the  demands  of 
the  body  under  the  different  conditions  and  the  increase  in  the  demand 
which  accompanied  the  performance  of  muscular  work. 

These  experiments  simply  show  the  quantities  of  material  and  energy 
metabolized  by  a  small  number  of  men  under  specific  conditions  of 
work  and  rest.  Their  bearing  upon  the  general  subject  of  dietary 
standards  can  be  more  advantageously  discussed  when  it  is  possible  to 
take  into  account  not  only  these  and  other  experiments  with  men  in 
the  respiration  calorimeter,  but  also  a  large  number  of  experimental 
inquiries  and  observations  of  dietary  usage  of  people  of  different 
classes  and  occupations  in  different  countries. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  in  many  cases  the  body  can  be  maintained  in 
nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium  with  much  smaller  quantities  of  nitro- 
gen and  energy  than  those  actually  used  by  any  of  the  men  in  these 
experiments.  It  is  equally  certain  that  in  other  cases  the  requirements 
are  much  larger.  The  tentative  standards  for  daily  diet  which  have 
been  proposed  by  a  number  of  investigators  have  served  a  useful  pur- 
pose, but  they  will  doubtless  have  to  be  modified  as  the  fundamental 
data  become  more  exact  and  numerous. 

One  principle  which  thus  far  has  not  received  adequate  recognition 
in  dietary  standards  may  perhaps  be  expressed  by  saying  that  the 
standard  must  vary  not  only  with  the  conditions  of  activity  and  envi- 
ronment, but  also  with  the  nutritive  plane  at  which  the  body  is  to  be 
maintained.  A  man  may  live  and  work  and  maintain  bodily  equilib- 
rium on  either  a  higher  or  lower  nitrogen  level  or  energy  level.  One 
essential  question  is.  What  level  is  most  advantageous  (  The  answer 
to  this  must  be  sought  not  simply  in  metabolism  experiments  and  diet- 
ary studies,  but  also  in  broader  observations  regarding  bodily  and 
mental  efficiency  and  general  health,  strength,  and  welfare. 

aBy  the  method  previously  described,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Sta- 
tions Bui.  69,  pp.  44,  45. 


131 


ELIMINATION   OF    WATER. 

The  water  taken  into  the  body  in  the  food  and  drink  and  formed 
within  it  by  the  oxidation  of  hydrogen  is  excreted  by  the  kidneys, 
lungs,  and  skin.  The  amount  eliminated  by  the  kidneys  varies  with  the 
amounts  taken  in  the  food  and  drink  and  eliminated  in  the  respiration 
and  perspiration',  and  is,  in  consequence,  very  irregular.  The  amount 
of  water  given  off  by  the  lungs  and  skin  appears  to  depend  largely 
upon  the  muscular  activity  of  the  subject  and  the  temperature  of  the 
surrounding  air.  and  to  be  less  affected  by  the  income  in  food  and 
drink. 

Jncorru  and  outgo  of  water  per  day. — Table  145  recapitulates  the 
figures  for  the  average  amounts  of  water  taken  in  the  food  and  drink 
and  eliminated  in  the  various  excretions  in  the  19  experiments.  Nos. 
o-ll.  13. 14.  21.  23-26.  28,  29,  31.  32.  and  34.  In  all  these  experiments 
the  days  were  divided  into  0-hour  periods. 

Table  145. — Daily  income  ami  outgo  of  water. 


33 


Days 
cov- 

Subject  and  kind  of  experiment.     ^Ex- 
peri- 
ments. 


REST   EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0..  9  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

A.  W.  S.,  1  experiment: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

J.  F.  S.,  3  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

Average  of  13  experiments  . . 

WORK   EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0.,2  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

J.  F.  -..4  experiments. 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

Average  of  6  experiments  . . . 


Income. 


Outgo. 


In  res- 


In 
food. 

In 
drink. 

Total. 

In 

feces. 

In 
urine. 

piration 

and 
perspi- 
ration. 

Total. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gram*. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

653 

1.023 

1.945 

35 

1.037 

697 

2.  015 

1,270 

1.-72 

3.047 

98 

3.120 

1. 212 

4,306 

1.037 

1.407 

2.  444 

59 

1,810 

977 

2.  -46 

890 

1,384 

2.  274 

46 

1, 628 

821 

2.  496 

890 

1,385 

2.  275 

46 

1,909 

898 

2.853 

890 

1,385 

2.275 

46 

1.743 

859 

2,648 

1.040 

800 

1.840 

19 

913 

791 

1,811 

1.07- 

900 

1,978 

57 

1.489 

879 

2,  345 

1,055 

833 

1,888 

52 

1.219 

830 

2.101 

1.291       2.322 


939 


2.  6-4 


951 
1.3-4 
1,168 

916 

1.036 

975 


1.200  2,151 
2.100  3,079 
1.603        2.771 


1.250        2,166 


1,250 

1,2.50 


1,052       1.391 


2.  225 


91 

815 

100 

1.275 

96 

1.011 

36 

641 

72 

1.433 

52 

905 

1,762         2.912 
2,  699         3,  981 


2.275 


1.197 
2, 094 
1.670 


3.3-2 

2,  201 

3.  215 
_     27 


2.  443 


1,912 


2.  929 


The  averages  given  are  those  for  all  of  the  days  of  the  experiments 
of  the  given  group  rather  than  averages  of  the  average  results  of  the 
individual  experiments.  It  is  to  he  remembered  that  there  was  eon- 
siderable  milk  in  the  daily  diet,  and  this  is  reckoned  as  food  rather 


132 

than  drink.  How  the  amounts  of  water  in  food  and  drink  in  these 
experiments  would  compare  with  those  in  the  average  diet  in  general 
it  is  impossible  to  say  for  lack  of  sufficient  data.  The  average  daily 
amount  of  water  in  food  and  drink  together  in  the  rest  experiments 
was  for  E.  O.  2,444  grams,  for  A.  W.  S.  2,275  grams,  and  for  J.  F.  S. 
1,888  grams.  In  the  work  experiments  with  E.  O.  it  was  2,771  grams, 
and  with  J.  F.  S.  2,225  grams. 

The  amount  of  urine  excreted  per  day  in  the  rest  experiments  aver- 
aged with  E.  O.  1,878  grams,  containing  1,810  grams  of  water;  with 
A.  W.  S.  1,798  grams,  containing  1,743  grams  of  water,  and  with 
J.  F.  S.  1,266  grams,  containing  1,219  grams  of  water.  The  average 
for  the  45  days  of  the  rest  experiments  with  the  three  subjects  was 
1,750  grams  of  urine,  containing  1,687  grams  of  water.  In  the  work 
experiments  the  amount  of  urine  excreted  averaged  with  E.  O.  1,081 
grams,  containing  1,011  grams  of  water,  and  with  J.  F.  S.  961  grams, 
containing  905  grams  of  water.  The  average  for  the  20  days  of  work 
experiments  with  both  subjects  was  1,009  grams  of  urine,  containing 
947  grams  of  water. 

The  variations  in  the  amounts  excreted  from  day  to  day  in  experi- 
ments of  the  same  kind  with  the  same  man  were  very  wide.  Thus  in 
the  rest  experiments  with  E.  O.  the  urine  fell  on  one  day  to  1,091 
grams,  with  1,037  grams  of  water,  while  on  another  day  it  rose  to  3,208 
grams  with  3,120  grams  of  water.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  these 
experiments  were  made  at  different  times  during  a  period  of  two 
years,  and  covered  in  all  33  days.  In  the  rest  experiments  with 
A.  W.  S.,on  the  other  hand,  there  is  but  one  experiment,  covering 
3  days.  Although  the  quantities  of  water  in  the  food  and  drink 
were  almost  exactly  the  same  from  day  to  day,  the  quantities  of  urine 
and  water  in  the  urine  were  irregular,  the  range  being  from  1,681 
grams  of  urine,  with  1,628  grams  of  water,  to  1,965  grams,  with  1,909 
grams  of  water.  In  the  rest  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.  the  quantities 
ranged  from  975  grams  of  urine,  containing  913  grams  of  water,  to 
1,551  grams  of  urine,  containing  1,489  grams  of  water.  These  extremes 
occurred  respectively  on  the  first  and  third  days  of  the  first  experi- 
ment with  this  subject. 

In  the  work  experiments  with  E.  O.,  made  at  intervals  of  over  a 
}Tear,  the  water  of  food  and  drink  ranged  from  2,151  to  3,079  grams 
per  da}7.  There  were  corresponding  variations  in  the  amount  of  urine 
and  of  water  in  the  urine,  though  the  range  was  not  wide,  the  mini- 
mum amount  of  urine  being  879  grams,  with  815  grams  of  water,  and 
the  maximum  1,350  grams,  with  1,275  grams  of  water.  In  the  work 
experiments  with  J.  F.  S.,  which  were  made  at  short  intervals  during 
the  same  year,  the  water  of  food  and  drink  ranged  from  2,166  to 
2,286  grams,  and  the  variation  in  the  amount  of  urine  per  dsij  was 
from  695  grams  of  urine,  containing  641  grams  of  water,  to  1,488 
grams  of  urine,  containing  1,433  grams  of  water. 


133 

In  comparing*  the  averages  of  the  rest  and  work  experiments  with 
both  subjects  E.  O.  and  J.  F.  S.,  it  will  be  observed  that  while  the 
quantity  of  water  in  the  food  and  drink  was  considerably  larger  in  the 
work  than  in  the  rest  experiments,  the  amounts  of  urine  and  water  in 
the  urine  was  larger  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former.  The  differences, 
however,  varied  with  the  two  subjects.  Thus  with  E.  O.  the  total 
income  of  water  was  over  10  per  cent  larger  in  the  work  than  in  the 
rest  experiments,  but  the  outgo  in  the  urine  was  but  little  over  half  as 
large  in  the  former  as  in  the  latter.  With  J.  F.  S.  the  total  income 
in  the  work  experiments  was  nearly  20  per  cent  larger  than  in  the 
rest  experiments,  but  the  outgo  in  the  urine  was  only  three-fourths  as 
large  in  the  former  as  in  the  latter.  With  both  subjects  the  amount 
of  solids  in  the  urine  was  slightly  larger  in  the  work  than  in  the  rest 
experiments.    • 

Elimination  of  water  by  respiration  and  perspiration. — The  differ- 
ences in  the  elimination  of  water  in  the  urine  in  the  rest  experiments 
as  compared  with  the  work  experiments  find  a  ready  explanation  in 
the  figures  for  water  in  the  respiration  and  perspiration.  The  amounts 
of  water  thus  eliminated  by  E.  O.  averaged  2,275  grams  in  the  work 
experiments  as  compared  with  977  grams  in  the  rest  experiments;  and 
by  J.  F.  S.,  1,670  grams  in  the  work  experiments  as  compared  with 
830  grams  in  the  rest  experiments.  In  other  words,  the  water  elimi- 
nated by  the  kidneys  depends,  of  course,  upon  the  ratio  of  water  in 
the  food  and  drink  to  water  of  respiration  and  perspiration.  The 
kidneys  rid  the  body  of  the  water  not  thrown  off  by  the  lungs  and 
skin. 

It  is  commonly  assumed  that  the  expired  air  is  saturated  with  mois- 
ture. Supposing  this  to  be  a  fact,  the  quantity  of  water  given  off 
from  the  lungs  would  be  proportional  to  the  amount  of  expired  air. 
In  times  of  active  muscular  exercise  the  volume  of  this  air  is  larger  than 
in  times  of,  rest,  and  consequently  the  amount  of  water  given  off  from 
the  lungs  would  be  larger.  Furthermore,  the  perspiration  from  the  skin 
increases  greatly  with  the  muscular  activity.  With  E.  O.  the  amount 
of  water  excreted  per  day  from  the  lungs  and  skin  in  the  work  experi- 
ments was  2i  times  as  large  as  in  the  rest  experiments.  With  J.  F.  S. 
it  was  twice  as  large  in  the  work  as  in  the  rest  experiments. 

The  balance  of  income  and  outgo  of  water  is  decided  not  only  by 
the  amounts  in  food  and  drink  on  the  one  hand,  and  by  the  kidne}rs, 
lungs,  and  skin  on  the  other,  but  also  b}T  two  other  factors.  One  of 
these  is  the  amount  of  water  formed  within  the  body  by  the  oxidation 
of  hydrogen.  The  other  is  the  change  in  the  amount  of  water  in  the 
alimentary  canal  and  in  the  tissues  and  fluids  of  the  body.  The  dis- 
cussion of  this  topic  is  reserved  until  additional  data,  which  are  being 
accumulated,  are  available. 


134 

One  point,  however,  is  so  interesting-  that  a  word  regarding  it  may 
be  in  place  here.  Comparisons  of  figures  for  amounts  of  hydrogen 
oxidized,  as  given  in  the  tabular  details  of  the  experiments,  show  that 
if  all  the  water  formed  by  the  oxidation  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  food 
and  body  material  were  eliminated  through  the  lungs  and  skin  and  none 
through  the  kidneys,  it  would  account  for  only  about  one-third  of  the 
water  of  respiration  in  the  rest  experiments  and  only  about  one-fourth 
of  that  in  the  work  experiments.  It  is  therefore  evident  that  the 
increase  of  water  of  respiration  and  perspiration  during  periods  of 
muscular  activity  is  due  not  so  much  to  an  increased  oxidation  of 
hydrogen  as  to  an  increased  excretion  through  the  lungs  and  skin  of 
water  from  some  other  source. 

The  amounts  of  water  eliminated  by  the  lungs  and  skin  in  the  dif- 
ferent periods  of  the  day,  as  compared  with  the  day  as  a  whole,  are 
shown  in  Table  146. 

Table  146. —  Water  eliminated  by  lungs  and  skin — Amounts  per  day,  and  rates  and  pro- 
portions for  different  periods. 


2  ■ 

i ; 

~  = 

-  V 

o  C 

-  V 

M    — 

J  8 

Total  amount  in 
24  hours. 

Rat 

e  per  hour. 

Aver- 
age 
for  24 

hours. 

Proportion  of  total  for  24 
hours. 

Subject  and  kind  of  ex- 
periment. 

Day  periods. 

Night  periods. 

Day  periods. 

Night  periods. 

7  a.  m. 

to 
1  p.  m. 

1  p.  m. 

to 
7  p.  m. 

7  p.  m. 

to 
1  a.  m. 

1  a.  m. 

to 
7  a.  m. 

7  a.  m. 

to 
1  p.  m. 

1  p.  m. 

to 
7  p.  m. 

7  p.  m. 

to 
1  a.  m. 

1  a.  m. 

to 
7  a.  m. 

REST   EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0..  9  experiments: 
Minimum 

Grams 

697 

1,212 

977 

821 

898 
859 

791 
879 
830 

Grams 
32.0 
55. 9 
39.1 

35.0 
37.5 
36.3 

33.7 
38.9 
36.0 

Grams 
23.4 
56.4 
41.8 

35.2 
37.9 
36.2 

34.6 
39.4 
36.0 

Grams 
30.4 
57.7 
43.7 

34.8 
39.3 
37.4 

33.1 
39.8 
35.  2 

Grams 
23.4 
.50.3 
38.2 

31.8 
34.9 
33.3 

30.0 
32.8 
31.1 

Grams 
29.0 
50.5 
40.7 

34.2 
37.4 
35.8 

32.9 
36.6 
34.6 

Pcrct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Maximum 

Average 

A.  W.  S.,  1  experiment: 

33 

24.0 

25.  7 

26.8 

23.5 



Average 

J.  F.  S.,  3  experiments: 

3 

25.3 

25.  3 

26.1 

23.3 

9 

26.0 

26.0 

25.5 

22. 5 

Average  of  13  ex- 
periments   

45 

939 

38.3 

40.3 

41.6 

36.4 

39.1 

24.5 

25.7 

26.6 

23.2 

WORK    EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0.,  2  experiments: 

1,  762 
2,699 
2,275 

1.197 
2,094 
1,670 

89.2 
147.1 
120.3 

66.8 

134.5 

98.5 

69.4 
153.0 
108.5 

67.1 
140.  2 
111.5 

56.8 
107.7 
85.6 

31.7 

38.4 
34.8 

49.7 
77.2 
64.8 

30.8 
37.3 
33.5 

73.4 
112.  5 
94.8 

49.9 
87.3 
69.6 

Maximum 

Average 

8 

31.7 

28.6 

22.6 

17.1 

J.  F.  S.,  4  experiments: 
Minimum 

Average 

12 

35.4 

40.1 

12.5 

12.0 

Average  of  6  ex- 
periments   

20 

1,912 

107.2 

110.3 

55.1 

46.0 

79.7 

33.7 

34.6 

17.3 

14.4 

135 

In  the  rest  experiments  with  E.  O.  the  total  amount  of  water  of 
respiration  and  perspiration  per  day  ranged  from  697  to  1,212,  and 
averaged  977  grams.  Comparing  the  12  hours  of  the  day  with  the  12 
hours  of  the  night  the  amounts  of  water  eliminated  were  practically 
the  same,  being,  respectively.  49.7  and  50.3  per  cent  of  the  whole. 
Comparing  by  periods  the  largest  elimination,  13.7  grams  per  hour, 
was  in  the  first  night  period  (7  p.  m.  to  1  a.  m.)  and  the  smaller.  38.2 
grams  per  hour,  in  the  last  night  period  (1  a.  m.  to  7  a.  m.).  but  the 
differences  in  the  different  periods  were  not  large.  The  amounts  with 
A.  W.  S.  were  somewhat  smaller,  the  average  daily  elimination  being 
859  grams.  Here,  again,  it  was  equally  divided  between  the  day  and 
the  night,  and  the  amounts  in  the  6-hour  periods  differed  but  little. 
although  the  amount  in  the  first  night  period  was  slightly  larger  than 
that  in  the  second  night  period,  the  latter  being  little  smaller  than 
in  either  of  the  day  periods,  as  was  the  case  with  E.  O.  The  average 
daily  elimination  with  J.  F.  S..  830  grams,  was  still  less  than  with 
A.  W.  S.  In  this  case  the  elimination  was  somewhat  larger  during 
the  day  than  during  the  night  periods,  being  52  per  cent  of  the  whole 
for  the  former  as  compared  with  48  per  cent  for  the  latter.  The  aver- 
age for  both  the  day  periods  was  the  same.  36  grams.  As  was  the  case 
with  the  two  other  subjects,  the  average  for  the  first  night  period  was 
larger  than  that  for  the  second.  Taking  the  rest  of  the  experiments 
with  the  3  subjects  together  the  daily  average  for  15  days  was  939 
grams,  or  39.1  grams  per  hour.  The  amounts  per  hour  in  the  1 
periods  were,  respectively.  38.3.  10.3.  11.6.  and  36.1  grams,  or  21.5. 
25.7,  26.6.  and  23.2  per  cent  of  the  total  for  the  day. 

In  the  work  experiments  in  which  the  subjects  E.  O.  and  J.  F.  S. 
were  engaged  in  active  muscular  work  8  hours  each  day  between  7 
a.  m.  and  7  p.  m..  the  average  daily  outgo  of  water  through  lungs  and 
skin  was  increased  to  1.912  grams  per  day.  With  E.  O.  this  increase 
is  noticeable  in  all  4  periods,  but  is  especially  marked  in  the  first  day 
period,  the  average  in  that  period  being  3  times  as  great  in  the  work 
as  in  the  rest  experiment.  In  the  majority  of  cases  the  amount  grad- 
ually fell  off  during  the  subsequent  periods:  but  even  during  the  last 
night  period  the  average  was  nearly  If  times  as  large  for  the  work  as 
for  the  rest  experiments.  Of  the  total  daily  amount  60.3  per  cent 
was  given  off  during  the  two  day  periods,  and  39.7  per  cent  during 
the  two  night  periods.  With  J.  F.  S.  there  was  an  increase  in  elim- 
ination during  the  day  periods  only,  being  most  noticeable  in  the 
second,  in  which  it  was  3  times  as  large  in  the  work  as  in  the  rest 
experiments.  The  elimination  during  the  night  periods  was  practi- 
cally the  same  in  the  work  as  in  the  rest  experiments.  Of  the  total 
daily  amount  eliminated  by  this  subject  in  the  work  experiments  75.5 
per  cent  was  given  off  during  the  two  day  periods  and  21.5  per  cent 
during  the  two  night  periods.     In  the  average  of   the  experiments 


136 

with  the  two  subjects  the  amounts  for  the  4  periods  were,  respec- 
tively, 107.2,  110.3,  55.1,  and  46  grams  per  hour,  or  33.7,  34.6,  17.3, 
and  14.4  per  cent  of  the  total. 

The  parallelism  between  muscular  work  and  increased  water  elimi- 
nation by  the  lungs  and  skin  is  not  close,  nor  does  the  increase  coin- 
cide at  all  with  the  period  of  work.  The  alag*'  in  elimination  of 
water,  i.  e.,  the  length  of  time  between  its  ingestion  in  food  and  drink 
or  its  formation  by  the  oxidation  of  hydrogen  on  the  one  hand  and  its 
elimination  by  various  channels  on  the  other  is  decided  by  factors  too 
complex  for  full  discussion  here,  and  must  be  discussed  in  the  light  of 
later  experiments. 

ELIMINATION  OF  CARBON  DIOXID. 

The  carbon  dioxid  given  off  from  the  body  is  derived  from  the  oxi- 
dation of  the  carbon  of  the  food  and  body  material,  and  hence  serves 
as  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  that  oxidation.  The  quantity  given  off 
in  the  urine  and  feces  is  very  small  indeed.  It  is  here  neglected,  and 
that  given  off  b}T  the  lungs  and  skin  is  taken  as  representing  the  total 
elimination.  The  quantity  eliminated  in  a  given  period  depends 
upon  a  variety  of  conditions,  among  which  are  (1)  the  character  of  the 
diet  and  the  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  last  meal  was  taken.  (2) 
the  muscular  activity  of  the  subject — whether  at  rest  or  at  work,  (3) 
the  external  temperature,  (4)  the  age  and  body  weight,  and  (5)  indi- 
vidual peculiarities  of  the  subject.  The  accuracy  with  which  the  car- 
bon dioxid  eliminated  for  a  given  period  measures  the  production  for 
that  period  depends  upon  the  so-called  wtlag"  in  the  elimination,  a 
topic  to  be  discussed  in  another  place. 

In  the  experiments  here  reported  there  are  considerable  fluctuations 
in  the  output.  Of  the  factors  which  cause  these  fluctuations,  the 
most  important  is  the  muscular  activity.  The  differences  in  the  food 
were  mainly  those  called  for  by  the  differences  in  the  muscular  exer- 
cise. The  external  temperature,  i.  e.,  that  of  the  air  in  the  chamber, 
was  kept  as  nearly  20°  C.  as  convenient.  The  subjects  were  young, 
healthy,  active  men,  of  similar  age,  height,  and  weight,  but  differing 
slightly  in  the  amounts  of  food  to  which  they  were  accustomed,  so 
that  there  was  nothing  to  imply  differences  in  personal  characteristics 
so  great  as  to  affect  materially  the  oxidation  of  carbon. 

The  figures  for  the  daily  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  are  summa- 
rized in  Table  147,  which  shows  the  average  amount  per  hour  during 
each  period  and  for  the  whole  day  and  the  percentage  which  the  out- 
put for  each  period  makes  of  the  average  amount  for  twenty-four 
hours.  • 


137 


Table  147. — Carbon  dioxid  eliminated  by  lungs  and  skin — Amounts  per  day,  and  rates 
and  proportions  in  different  jieriods. 


If 

00   & 

OS  0> 

p 

0 

-4-2 

Is 

O 

Kate  per  hour. 

Proportion  of  total  for  24 
hours. 

•Subject  and  kind  of 
experiment. 

Day  periods. 

Night  periods. 

Aver- 
age 
for  24 
hours. 

Day  periods. 

Night  periods. 

7  a.m. 

to 
1p.m. 

1p.m. 

to 
7  p.m. 

7p.m. 

to 
1a.m. 

1a.m. 

to 
7  a.m. 

7  a.m. 

to 
1p.m. 

1p.m. 

to 
7p.m. 

7  p.m. 

to 
1a.m. 

1a.m. 

to 
7a.m. 

REST    EXPERIMENTS. 

E.4  >.,  9  experiments: 

Gram*  Gram* 
739       32.7 
879       43.2 

Grams 

33.2 

42.8 

Grams 

31.2 
42.2 
36.2 

30.9 
33.7 
32.8 

28. 1 

36.  3 
31    fi 

Grams 
20.4 
25.6 

22.  3 

21.8 
24.3 

23.  2 

21.2 
23.3 
22.  3 

Grams 
30.8 
36.6 
33.9 

32.8 
34.0 
33.2 

29.8 
33.4 
31.8 

Per.  ct. 

Per.  ct.  Per.ct. 

Per.  ct. 

33 

803        37.9        37.4 

28. 3 

28. 0       27. 1 

16.6 

A.  W.  S..  1  experiment: 

787       38. 1 
816       41.5 

797       39. 8 

35.9 
38.2 
37.1 

33.  2 
40  1 

Average 

3 

29.9 

27.9       24.7 

17.5 

J.  F.  S.,3  experiments: 

715       33.4 
801       39.7 

9 

762        37  fl        Rfi  1 

29.1 

28.4       24.9 

17.6 

Average  of  13  ex- 
periments   

WORK    EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0. .  2  experiments: 

Minimum 

!     —  ~  I 

45  j       794       37. s 

37.2 

35.  0 

22.4 

33.1  ;     28.6 

28.1  ,     26.4 

16.9 

1,195        69.4 
1,510  :     90.2 
1,316       78.4 

1,080       63  4 

65.0 
98.2 
79.5 

33.9 
42. 2 
38.4 

27.8 
36.2 
31.3 

19.9 
26.2 
23.1 

21.0 
24.1 
22.3 

49.8 
62.9 
54.8 

45.0 
53.9 
50.5 

Average 8 

J.  F.  S.,4  experiments: 

35.  7       36.  3 

17.5 

10.5 

^r 

1,292        81.0        79 « 

Average 

Average  of  6  ex- 
periments   

12 

1,212       73.6 

74.7 

36.5       37.0       15.5 

11.0 

20 

1,253       75.5 

76.6 

34.1 

22.  6 

52. 2 

36.2       36.7        16.3 

10.8 

The  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  under  conditions  of  rest  averaged 
803  grams  per  day,  or  33.9  grams  per  hour,  in  the  33  experimental 
days  of  the  9  experiments  with  E.  O.;  797  grams  per  day,  or  33.2 
grams  per  hour,  in  the  3  experimental  days  of  one  experiment  with 
A.  W.  S.,  and  762  grams  per  day,  or  31.8  grams  per  hour  in  the  9 
experimental  days  of  3  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.  The  range  was 
from  739  to  879  grams  per  day  with  E.  O.,  from  787  to  816  with 
A.  W.  S.,  and  from  715  to  801  with  J.  F.  S.  It  will  be  remembered, 
however,  that  the  experiments  with  E.  O.  were  made  at  different 
times  during  two  }rears,  while  those  with  A.  W.  S.  were  in  a  single 
experiment.  Those  with  J.  F.  S.  were  made  at  short  intervals  during 
the  same  year.  In  8  experimental  days  of  the  2  experiments  in  which 
the  subject  E.  O.  was  engaged  in  active  muscular  work  for  8  hours 
each  day  the  output  averaged  1,316  grams  per  day,  or  51.8  grams  per 
hour,  while  in  12  experimental  days  in  which  the  subject  J.  F.  S.  was 
similarly  engaged  it  was  1,212  grams  per  day,  or  50.5  grams  per  hour. 


138 

During-  the  rest  experiments,  in  which  the  subjects  had  as  little 
muscular  activity  as  possible,  there  was  but  little  difference  in  the 
elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  during  the  two  day  and  first  night  periods. 
In  the  9  experiments  with  E.  O.  the  average  rate  per  hour  during 
these  three  periods  was  37.9,  37.4.  and  36.2  grams,  respectively.  In 
the  experiment  with  A.  W.  S.  there  was  a  slightly  larger  amount  of 
carbon  dioxid  eliminated  in  the  first  two  periods  than  in  the  third 
period,  the  rates  being  39.8,  37.1,  and  32.8  grams,  respectively.  In 
the  1  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.  the  elimination  during  the  first  three 
periods  averaged  37.  36.1,  and  31.6  grams  per  hour,  respectively. 
During  the  second  night  period,  when  the  subject  was  generally  asleep 
for  nearly  the  whole  time,  the  output  fell  off  with  E.  O.  to  22.3,  with 
A.  W.  S.  to  23.2,  and  with  J.  F.  S.  to  22.3  grams  per  hour.  Not  only 
are  the  averages  with  the  3  men  in  close  accord,  but  the  range  of  varia- 
tion in  the  different  da}Ts  and  experiments  is  decidedly  narrow  for  all. 
In  the  average  of  the  13  experiments  the  proportion  given  off  in  each 
of  the  four  periods  of  the  da}7  is  28.6,  28.1,  26.1,  and  16.9  per  cent, 
respectively. 

The  elimination  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  two  day  periods  of  the  work 
experiments  was  more  than  twice  as  large  as  in  the  two  day  periods 
of  the  rest  experiments.  With  E.  O.  the  average  amounts  given  off 
were  78.4:  grams  in  the  first  and  79.5  in  the  second  day  period  when  at 
work,  as  compared  with  37.9  and  37.1  grams,  respectively,  when  at 
rest.  With  J.  F.  S.  the  amounts  averaged  73.6  and  74.7  grams  in  the 
day  periods  of  the  work  experiments,  as  compared  with  37  and  36.1 
grams  in  the  corresponding  periods  of  the  rest  experiments.  The 
elimination  in  the  two  night  periods  averaged  with  E.  O.  38.1  and  23.1 
grams  in  the  work  experiments,  as  compared  with  36.2  and  22.3  grams 
in  the  rest  experiments,  the  differences  being  small;  with  J.  F.  S. 
the  amounts  wxere  practically  identical,  being  31.3  and  22.3  grams  in 
the  work  experiments,  as  compared  with  31.6  and  22.3  grams  in  the 
rest  experiments. 

The  uniformity  in  the  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  given  off  during 
the  second  night  period  in  all  the  experiments  is  very  noticeable. 
Such  data  ma}T  perhaps  be  taken  as  an  approximate  measure  of  the 
metabolism  of  carbon  in  the  body  of  an  active  healthy  man  when  at  its 
lowest  ordinaiy  ebb. 

ELIMINATION  OF  ENERGY. 

Measurements  of  energy. — The  kinetic  energy  given  off  by  the  body 
is  measured  in  these  experiments  as  the  sum  of  three  quantities:  (1)  The 
heat  taken  up  by  the  water  current  in  its  passage  through  the  cham- 
ber; (2)  the  latent  heat  of  the  water  vapor  given  off  by  the  body — i.  e., 
of  the  water  vaporized  by  its  heat  and  carried  out  in  the  air  current, 


139 

due  corrections  being-  made  for  water  condensed  upon  the  absorbers; 
and  (3)  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  muscular  work  done. 

In  the  measurements  of  energy  of  income  and  outgo  of  the  body 
the  temperature  of  the  interior  of  the  chamber,  generally  about  '20 
degrees,  is  taken  as  the  basis  for  computations  of  the  heat  removed  or 
given  off  by  food,  drink,  and  excretory  products  in  the  chamber. a 

(1)  The  heat  carried  away  by  the  water  current  includes  (a)  the  heat 
given  off  from  the  skin  by  radiation  and  conduction:  (b)  that  brought 
out  of  the  body  in  the  feces  and  urine  and  given  off  in  the  cooling  of 
these  excretory  products  to  the  temperature  of  the  chamber:  (e)  that 
brought  out  of  the  body  in  the  air.  carbon  dioxid.  and  water  excreted 
by  the  lungs  and  skin  and  given  off  in  their  cooling  to  the  same  tem- 
perature: ('/)  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of  so  much  of  the  water 
of  c  as  is  permanently  condensed  on  the  absorbers  (mainly  collected  as 
drip  water);  and  (e)  the  heat  produced  by  the  transformation  of  the 
external  muscular  work.  The  heat  of  <u  l>.  <\  and  e  finds  its  way  by 
radiation  and  conduction  to  the  surface  of  the  copper  absorbers  and 
passes  with  that  of  d  into  the  water  current  by  which  it  is  carried  out 
of  the  chamber. 

(2)  Although  the  air  current  enters  and  leaves  the  chamber  at  the 
same  temperature,  it  carries  out  more  heat  than  it  brings  in.  The  extra 
heat  carried  out  is  the  latent  heat  of  the  water  vapor  added  to  the  air 
of  the  chamber  by  the  subject.13  The  amount  of  this  heat  is  learned 
from  the  amount  of  water  vapor  and  its  latent  heat  of  vaporization  at 
the  given  temperature. 

(3)  The  external  muscular  work  is  measured  and  the  heat  equivalent 
calculated.  Before  leaving  the  chamber  it  is  transformed  into  heat, 
which  is  carried  away  by  the  water  current  as  above  stated. 

Energy  g iven  off  in  different  ways  as  heat  and  as  external  muscular 
work. — The  average  amounts  of  energy  given  off  by  the  body  per  day 
in  the  different  ways  are  shown  in  Table  118. 

The  figures  in  the  second  column  are  obtained  by  subtracting  the 
sum  of  the  quantities  of  heat  given  off  by  the  feces  and  urine  in  cool- 
ing and  by  the  water  in  condensing  on  the  absorbers  and  the  heat 
equivalent  of  the  external  work  (b-\-d-\-e  above)  from  the  total  heat 
taken  from  the  chamber  by  the  water  current.  Accordingly  they  rep- 
resent the  sum  of  quantities  of  heat  given  off  by  the  skin  directly  and 
by  the  product  of  respiration  and  perspiration  in  cooling  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  room  (a  -f-  c  above).  It  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  possible 
later  to  make  at  least  approximate  estimates  of  the  latter  quantity  and 
thus  show  the  amount  of  heat  given  off  by  the  skin  alone. 

aU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Bui.  69,  p.  20. 
bThe  differences  in  specific  heat  of  the  air  due  to  loss  of  oxygen  and  gain  of  carbon 
dioxid  are  here  assumed  to  be  negligible. 


140 


Table  148. — Energy  given  off  by  the  body  in  different  ways — Amounts  per  day. 


Subject  and  kind  of  experiment. 


Days 

covered 

by 

experi- 

ments-   duction. 


Heat  eliminated. 


Heat 


By  radia- 
tion and 


In  urine 

and 

feces. 


lungs. 


Total. 


REST  EXPERIMENTS. 

£.  O.,  9  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

A.  W.  S.,  1  experiment: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average  

J.  F.  S.,  3  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

Average  of  13  experiments. 

WORK  EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  O.,  2  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

J.  F.  S.,  4  experiments: 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average 

Average  of  6  experiments  . 


33 


Calories. 
1,479 
1,835 
1,675 

1,710 
1,782 
1,739 

1,564 
1,759 
1,622 


12 


20 


Calories. 
19 
56 
33 

30 
34 
31 

17 

27 
23 


1,669 


2.  045 
2,521 
2, 249 

2,185 
2,400 
2,296 


2, 277 


Calories. 
412 

715 
570 

486 
531 
509 

468 
520 
491 


Calories. 


31 


550 


1,041 
1,560 
1,332 


1,240 
988 


1,126 


Calories. 
2,062 
2,452 

2, 278 

2,226 

2,348 
2.  279 

2, 065 

2,  297 
2,136 


193 
270 
228 


127 
277 
238 


234 


2,  250 


3.473 
4,287 
3,829 

3, 253 
3,890 
3, 540 


3.  656 


The  figures  for  the  heat  given  from  the  urine  and  feces,  as  shown 
in  the  third  column  in  Table  148,  are  calculated  from  the  weights  of 
these  excreta,  their  fall  in  temperature,  and  their  specific  heats.  The 
weights  are  found  by  the  balance.  The  fall  in  temperature  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the  temperature  of  the  body  and  that  of  the  interior 
of  the  chamber.  This  difference  averages  about  17  degrees.  The 
specific  heats  are  arbitrarily  assumed,  that  of  feces  being  taken  as  0.9 
and  of  urine  1.0. 

The  figures  in  the  fourth  column  represent  the  latent  heat  of  vapor- 
ization of  the  water  given  off  by  the  lungs  and  skin.  For  the  rest 
experiments  this  water  is  in  general  that  carried  out  of  the  chamber 
in  the  air  current  in  excess  of  that  brought  into  the  chamber  by  the 
same  current.  In  a  few  rest  experiments,  however,  and  in  all  the 
work  experiments  more  or  less  water  is  condensed  on  the  absorbers 
and  is  not  carried  out  by  the  air  current.  The  figures  in  the  third 
column  include  the  heat  given  off  in  the  condensation  of  this  water 
vapor  upon  the  absorbers,  along  with  the  latent  heat  of  vaporization  of 
the  water  in  the  air  current.  The  reason  why  little  or  no  water  was 
condensed  on  the  surfaces  of  the  absorbers  in  the  rest  experiments  is 


141 


that  the  temperature  of  the  incoming  water  current  was  as  a  rule  above 
the  dew  point  of  the  air  inside  the  chamber. 

The  fifth  column  shows  the  heat  equivalent  of  the  external  muscular 
work  done  in  the  work  experiments.  It  is  measured  by  the  bicycle- 
dynamo  apparatus  by  which  the  mechanical  work  is  transformed  into 
electrical  energy  and  into  heat. 

According-  to  the  figures  of  Table  148,  in  the  45  days  of  the  13  rest 
experiments  the  average  amounts  of  heat  given  off  per  day  from  the 
skin  (together  with  that  in  the  expired  air)  was  1,669,  in  urine  and 
feces  31,  and  in  the  water  evaporated  from  the  lungs  and  skin  550 
calories,  making  the  whole  daily  elimination  2,250  calories.  With 
E.  O.  the  range  in  total  heat  eliminated  was  from  2,062  to  2,452  and 
the  average  2,278  calories.  With  A.  W.  S.  the  range  was  from  2,226 
to  2,348  and  the  avereage  2,279  calories.  With  J.  F.  S.  the  range  was 
from  2,065  to  2,297  and  the  average  2,136  calories.  Taking  into 
account  the  experiments  with  all  the  subjects,  the  average  amounts  of 
heat  given  off  in  different  ways  may  be  expressed  in  percentages  as 
follows: 

Table  149. — Percentages  of  total  energy  given  off  from  the  body  in  different  icays. 


Heat. 


In  rest 
experi- 
ments. 


In  work 
experi- 
ments. 


From  skin  by  radiation  and  conduction  (and  in  exhaled  air) 

In  urine  and  feces 

In  water  vaporized  from  lungs  and  skin 

Heat  equivalent  of  external  muscular  work  done 


Per  cent. 

74.2 

1.4 

24.4 


Per  cent. 

62.3 

.5 

30.8 

6.4 


Total. 


100.0 


100.0 


Energy  given  off  from  the  body  in  different  periods  of  the  day. — Table 
150  summarizes  the  data  for  the  outgo  of  energy  during  the  different 
periods  of  the  day  in  the  13  experiments  covering  45  experimental 
days.  As  in  the  two  previous  tables,  the  figures  for  heat  eliminated 
include  (1)  the  quantity  given  off  from  the  body  and  measured  by  the 
calorimeter;  (2)  that  given  off  in  the  water  vaporized  during  the  same 
periods — i.  e.,  carried  awa}T  from  the  bod}T  in  water  vapor;  and  (3)  the 
heat  equivalent  of  the  external  muscular  work  done.  The  temperature 
of  the  body  and  the  amount  of  material  it  contains  varies  somewhat 
from  time  to  time.a  It  is  assumed  that  at  the  hour  when  the  experi- 
mental day  begins  and  ends — 7  a.  m. — the}T  will  be  very  nearly  the 
same  from  day  to  day.  If  they  are  the  same  at  these  times,  the  total 
quantit}T  of  heat  in  the  bod}^  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each  experi- 
mental day  will  be  the  same.     The  total  quantity  of  energy  given  off 

aIn  order  to  obtain  more  accurate  data  regarding  variations  of  body  temperature 
and  corresponding  changes  in  the  store  of  energy  in  the  body  from  hour  to  hour, 
special  apparatus  lias  been  devised  for  measuring  the  temperature  of  the  body.  See 
Arch.  Physiol.. [Pfliiger],  88  (1901),  No.  9-10,  p.  492. 


142 


from  the  body  during  the  day  will  in  this  case  be  equivalent  to  the 
total  amount  liberated  within  the  body  and  will  be  closely  parallel  with 
the  amounts  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  oxidized.  Taking  each  of  these 
four  periods  of  the  day  by  itself,  the  differences  between  the  amounts 
of  heat  stored  in  the  body  at  the  beginning  and  end  will  probably  be 
larger  than  is  the  case  for  the  whole  day.  For  individual  periods, 
therefore,  the  parallelism  between  the  amounts  of  carbon  oxidized  and 
heat  given  off  will  hardly  be  as  close  as  for  the  whole  day. 

'Table  150. — Heat  given  off  by  body,  including  for  the  work  experiments  the  heat  equiva- 
lent of  the  external  muscular  work — Amounts  per  day  and  rates  and  proportions  for 
different  periods. 


>> 

a 

Rate  per  hour. 

Proportion  of  total  for  24 

Days  covered 
experimen 

Total  anioun 
24  hours. 

Day  periods. 

M.   ,  .        .    , 

Subject  and  kind  of 
experiment. 

Aver- 

Day periods. 

Night  periods. 

7  a.  m.  1  p.  m. 

to         to 
1  p.  m.  7  p.  m. 

7  p.  m. 

to 
1  a.  m. 

1  a.  m. 

to 
7  a.  m. 

age 
for  24 
hours. 

7  a.  m.  1  p.  m.  7  p.  m.  1  a.  m. 

to          to          to          to 
1  p.  m.  7  p.  m.  1  a.  m.  7  a.  m. 

REST    EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0.,  9  experiments: 

Calo- 
rzzz 

2, 062 

2,  452 

2. 278 

2,226 
2, 348 

2. 279 

Calo- 
ries. 

94.5 

116.6 

103.  7 

111.6 
119.8 
114.  5 

104.8 
119.9 
109.0 

Calo- 
ries. 

90.4 

124.0 

105.0 

101.6 
106.9 
104.5 

93.5 
103.6 
98.7 

Calo- 
ries. 

83.9 

121.8 

101.8 

91.9 
94.3 
93.3 

80.0 
98.7 
88.2 

Calo- 
ries. 

62.8 

77.8 

69.2 

62.7 
70.4 
67.5 

58.1 
64.4 
60.2 

Calo- 
ries. 

85.9 

102. 2 

95.0 

Per 
cent. 

Per 
cent. 

Per 
cent. 

Per 
cent. 

33 

27.3 

27.7 

26.8 

18.2 

A.  W.  S.,  1  experiment: 

92.8 

97.8 

3 

95.0 

86.0 
95.7 
89.0 

30.1 

27.5 

24.6 

17.8 

J.  F.  S.,  3  experiments: 

2,  065 
2,  297 

9 

2.136 

30.6 

27.7 

24.  S         16. 9 

Average  of  13  ex- 
periments   

45     2,250 

105.5     103.7 

98.5  '     67.3       93.8 

28.1 

27.7        26.3          17.9 

WORK    EXPERIMENTS. 

E.  0.,  2  experiments: 

3,473 
4,287 
3,829 

3,253 

195.3 
240.  5 
212.2 

192.8 
281.8 
231.5 

108.0 
128.8 
120.  5 

89.9 

111.0 

97.2 

68.8 
79.6 
74.0 

60.1 

144.7 
178.6 
160.0 

135.5 

8 

35.2. 

36.3 

18.9 

11.6 

J.  F.  S,,  4  experiments: 

187.8     185.5 
239.  9      '>41 .  3 

3,890 

70.  0     162. 1 
64.2     147.5 

12 
20 

3,540     212.0     216.7 

35.9 

36.7 

16.5 

10.9 

Average   of  6  ex- 
periments   

3,050      212.0      222.5 

100.5       08.2      152.3       34.8 
1 

36.5 

17.5 

11.2 

From  the  quantities  of  heat  given  off  from  the  body  in  the  different 
periods  of  the  day,  as  summarized  in  Table  150,  it  will  be  noted  that 
in  the  15  days  of  the  13  rest  experiments  with  E.  O.,  A.  W.  S.,  and 
J.  F.  S.  the  average  amounts  of  heat  given  off  per  hour  in  the  1  suc- 
cessive 6-hour  periods  from  7  a.  m.  to  7.  a.  m.  were  105.5,  103.7,  98.5, 
and  67.3  calories,  respectively,  the  average  hourly  rate  for  the  whole 
day  being  93.8.     The  percentages  of  the  whole  amount  for  the  day, 


143 

given  off  in  the  several  periods,  are  28.1,  27. 7^  26.3,  and  17.9, 
respectively. 

The  average  hourly  rate  for  the  20  days  of  the  6  work  experi- 
ments with  E.  O.  and  J.  F.  S.  was  152.8  calories.  The  rates  for  the 
different  periods,  beginning  with  7  a.  m..  were  212.  222.5.  106.5, 
and  68.2  calories,  respectively.  The  corresponding  percentages  are 
34.8,  36.5,  17.5.  and  11.2. 

It  thus  appears  that  in  the  two  day  periods  in  which  the  subjects 
were  engaged  in  active  muscular  exercise  for  8  hours  the  quantity  of 
heat  given  off  was  more  than  twice  as  much  as  in  the  corresponding 
periods  of  the  rest  experiments.  In  the  first  night  period  the  amount 
per  hour  in  the  work  experiments  was  not  greatly  in  excess  of  that  in 
the  rest  experiments  (106.5  as  compared  with  98.5  calories).  In  the 
second  night  period  the  quantities  were  nearly  the  same  (68.2  in  the 
work  experiments  and  67.3  calories  in  the  rest  experiments). 

The  uniformity  in  the  amounts  of  heat  given  off  during  the  second 
night  period  calls  for  special  notice.  In  the  rest  experiments  with 
E.  O..  covering  33  days,  the  range  is  from  62.8  to  77.8  and  the  aver- 
age 69.2  calories  per  hour.  In  the  experiment  with  A.  W.  S..  covering 
3  days,  the  range  per  hour  is  from  62.7  to  70.1  and  the  average  67.5 
calories.  In  the  12  days  of  the  work  experiments  with  E.  O.  the 
amounts  are  a  little  larger  than  in  the  rest  experiments  with  the  same 
subject,  ranging  from  68. 8  to  79.6  and  averaging  74  calories  per  hour. 
That  the  elimination  of  heat  during  this  period  is  larger  in  the  work 
than  in  the  rest  experiments  is  perhaps  explained  by  the  fact  that 
while  the  subject  was  decidedly  tired  at  night,  and  supposed  that 
he  slept  more  soundly  than  in  the  rest  experiments,  he  moved  more, 
and  to  the  observers  outside  the  chamber  he  appeared  more  rest- 
less. In  the  work  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.  also  the  amounts  dur- 
ing this  period  are  slightly  larger  than  in  the  rest  experiments,  rang- 
ing from  60.1  to  70  and  averaging  64.2  calories  per  hour.  It  is 
noticeable  that  the  rate  in  the  second  night  period  is  smaller  with 
J.  F.  S:  than  with  E.  O..  the  ratio  of  the  former  to  the  latter  being 
about  the  same  in  both  work  and  rest  experiments 

From  the  results  obtained  in  the  second  night  periods  in  these  exper- 
iments it  would  seem  that  from  65  to  70  calories  per  hour  might  be 
not  far  from  representing  an  average  elimination  of  heat  by  a  healthy, 
active  man  in  the  time  of  minimum  bodily  activity. 

Relation  between  dif/iination  of  heat  ami  of  carbon  dioxid. — The 
rates  of  elimination  of  heat  and  of  carbon  dioxid  in  the  different  periods 
are  nearly  parallel,  as  will  be  seen  by  comparing  the  figures  of  Tables 
147  and  150.  Both  these  values  in  the  two  day  periods  of  the  work 
experiments  are  largely  in  excess  of  the  similar  values  in  the  same 
periods  of  the  rest  experiments.  The  values  for  both  thesr  factors  in 
the  second  night  periods  of  the  same  experiments,  which  was  one  of 
quiet  sleep,  were  small  and  noticeably  uniform. 


144 

INCOME  AND  OUTGO  OF  ENERGY. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  results  of  these  experiments,  both 
because  of  their  novelty  and  because  of  their  bearing  upon  the  metab- 
olism and  the  conservation  of  energy  in  the  living  organism,  are  those 
which  compare  the  amounts  of  potential  energy  in  the  materials  actually 
oxidized  in  the  body  with  the  amounts  of  kinetic  energy  given  off  from 
the  body,  either  as  heat  alone  in  the  rest  experiments  or  as  heat  and 
external  muscular  work  in  the  work  experiments.  In  the  rest  experi- 
ments there  was  no  considerable  amount  of  external  muscular  work. , 
The  little  that  was  done  would  naturally  be  converted  into  heat — as.  for 
instance,  in  the  impact  of  the  foot  upon  the  floor  in  stepping,  or  of  the 
body  upon  the  chair  or  bed  in  sitting  or  lying  down.  The  heat  thus 
imparted  to  the  floor,  chair,  or  bed  would  naturally  find  its  way  to  the 
absorbers,  and  would  thus  be  carried  out  with  the  heat  given  off  as 
such  by  the  body.  Roughly  speaking,  we  may  say  that  all  the  poten- 
tial energy  made  kinetic  in  the  body  by  the  oxidation  of  food  and  body 
material  left  the  body  as  heat.  This  is  shown  by  the  agreement  of  the 
amount  of  heat  given  off  from  the  body  with  the  heat  of  oxidation  of 
the  material  oxidized  in  the  body.  These  data  are  summarized  in 
Table  151. 

Table  151. — Comparison  of  income  and  outgo  of  energy  in  19  experiments  covering  65 
expt  rimental  days — Amounts  per  day. 


Subjects  and  kinds  of  experiments. 


Xet  income 
berof     ^P°tentia! 
expert    energy  ot 
-     material 
oxidized 
in  body). 


Xum- 


mental 
days. 


Net  outgo 
(kinetic  en- 
ergy given 

off  from 
bodvi. 


Difference  i  in  terms 
of  net  incomei. 


REST    EXPERIMENTS. 

Experiments  with  E.  O.: 

Experiment  in  which  the  net  outgo  falls 
farthest  below  the   net  income  (Xo.  5): 

average  for  the  whole  experiment 

Experiment  in  which  the  net  outgo  is  far- 
thest above  the  net  income  (Xo.  14  i:  aver- 
age for  the  whole  experiment 

Average  for  9  experiments 

Experiments  with  A.  W.  S. :  Average  for  1  experi- 
ment   

Experiments  with  J.  F.  8.:  Average  for  3  experi- 
ments   

Experiments  with  E.  O..  A.  W.  S..  and  J.  F.  8.: 
Average  for  13  experiments 


WORK    EXPERIMENTS. 

Experiments  with  E.O.:  Average  for  2  experi- 
ments   

Experiments  with  J.  F.  8.:  Average  for  4  experi- 
ments   

Experiments  with  E.  O.  and  J.  F.  8. :  Average  for 

6  experiments 

Rest  and  work  experiments:  Average  for 
19  experiments 


Calories. 
2,482 


2, 131 

2,288 

2.304 
2. 118 
2,255 

3,865 
3, 539 
3,669 

2,  mo 


Calories. 
2. 379 


Calories. 
-103 


2. 193 

2, 278 

-  10 

2, 279 

-  25 

2. 136 

-  1- 

2. 2.50 


3,540 
3, 656 
2,682 


-  36 

-  1 

-  13 

-  8 


-4.1 


.4 
■1.1 
•  .8 

.2 


0 

-  .4 

-  .3 


145 

The  figures  for  income  and  outgo* of  energy  require  a  word  of 
explanation.  A  distinction  is  here  ma*de  between  the  total a  income, 
which  is  represented  by  the  potential  energy  of  the  food,  and  the  neta 
income,  which  is  the  energy  of  the  material  actually  oxidized  in  the 
body.  This  energy  of  net  income  is  represented  by  the  available 
energy  of  the  nutrients  of  the  food  (i.  e..  potential  energy  of  total  food 
less  that  of  the  urine  and  feces)  minus  the  potential  energy  of  the 
material  gained  or  plus  that  of  material  lost  by  the  body  when 
the  latter  is  not  in  nitrogen  and  carbon  equilibrium.  The  total  energy 
of  outgo  would  be  the  kinetic  energy  given  off  from  the  body  in  heat 
and  external  muscular  work  plus  the  potential  energy  of  the  unoxi- 
dized  materials  in  the  urine  and  the  feces.  The  net  energy  of  outgo 
consists  of  the  heat  given  off  and  the  external  muscular  work  done. 
The  balance  of  income  and  outgo  is  best  shown  by  the  net  rather  than 
the  total  quantities.  These  ma}'  be  seen  in  the  table  given  above 
(Table  151).  The  averages  for  the  groups  of  experiments  are  for  the 
number  of  days  covered  by  the  whole  group — i.  e.,  they  are  not  aver- 
ages for  individual  experiments. 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  figures  for  net  income  of  energy 
represent  the  heat  of  combustion  of  the  material  actually  oxidized. 
This  material  consists  mainly  of  the  available  portion  of  the  food  of 
which  the  amount  and  heat  of  combustion  are  found  by  direct  deter- 
mination. To  its  heat  of  combustion  is  added  that  of  the  material 
lost,  or  from  it  is  subtracted  that  of  the  material  gained  by  the  body. 
The  amounts  of  material  o-ained  or  lost  are  determined  from  the  o-ain 

©  © 

or  loss  of  nitrogen  and  carbon,  and  their  heats  of  combustion  are  cal- 
culated by  the  use  of  factors  based  upon  direct  determinations  of  the 
heats  of  combustion  of  similar  substances.     The  fimires  for  net  outo-o 

©  © 

are  the  results  of  direct  experimental  measurement.  In  other  words, 
the  net  income  of  energy  is  mainly  and  the  net  outgo  entirely  the 
result  of  direct  determinations. 

A  common  usage  is  followed  in  applying  the  term  "potential 
energy**  to  the  energy  latent  in  the  food  and  body  material  oxidized. 
Whether  chemical  energy  would  or  would  not  be  a  more  correct  expres- 
sion no  attempt  is  here  made  to  decide.  Ordinary  usage  is  also  fol- 
lowed in  expressing  potential  energy  in  terms  of  heat— i.  e..  as  cal- 
ories— thus  employing  a  unit  of  kinetic  energy  for  the  measure.  This 
discrepancy  is  unavoidable,  since  we  have  neither  the  means  for  meas- 
uring potential  energy  as  such,  nor  a  unit  for  expressing  such  measure- 
ments if  they  were  made.  The  use  of  heat  of  oxidation  for  the  meas- 
ure is  especially  appropriate  here,  since  the  energy  is  liberated  mainly 
by  oxidation  and  appears  chiefly  or  entirely  as  heat. 

aThe  terms  "total"  and  "net"  here  applied  to  income  and  outgo  of  material  and 
energy  are  used  for  present  convenience,  and  may  in  future  reports  be  replaced  by 
more  satisfactory  expressions. 

13007— No.  109—02 10 


146 

The  conservation  of  energy  in'the  body.  —If  the  law  of  the  conserva- 
tion of  energy  obtains  in  the  living  organism,  the  net  income  and  the 
net  outgo  of  energy  should  be  the  same.  In  such  physiological  experi- 
menting, however,  it  would  be  hardly  fair  to  expect  the  figures  for  the 
two  to  agree  for  each  day  of  a  given  experiment  or  for  each  experiment 
as  a  whole,  even  if  the  measurements  with  the  respiration  and  bomb 
calorimeters  are  exact.  There  may  be  errors  in  the  estimates  of  the 
amounts  and  heats  of  combustion  of  the  materials  actually  oxidized. 
Variations  due  to  irregularities  of  the  physiological  processes  of  the 
body  are  unavoidable  and  may  materially  affect  the  results.  For 
instance,  the  calculations  assume  that  the  quantities  of  material  in  the 
alimentary  canal  and  of  carbohydrates  in  the  body  as  a  whole  are  the 
same  at  the  end  as  at  the  beginning  of  each  day  or  experiment,  whereas 
they  may  differ  considerably,  and  the  differences  would  materially 
affect  the  results.  But  it  might  be  hoped  that,  if  the  methods  are 
correct,  these  errors  would  tend  to  counterbalance  one  another  in  a 
series  of  experiments,  and  that,  in  the  average  of  a  sufficiently  large 
number,  the  errors  would  thus  be  eliminated,  so  that  the  income  and 
outgo  would  be  very  nearly  the  same. 

Exactly  this  is  the  case  in  the  data  here  reported.  The  variations 
for  individual  days,  and  even  those  for  the  individual  experiments,  as 
shown  in  the  detailed  tables  in  this  and  the  previous  bulletins,  are  not 
inconsiderable,  but  in  the  average  of  all  the  experiments  the  agree- 
ment is  very  close.  Thus,  in  the  33  days  of  the  9  rest  experiments 
with  E.  O. ,  according  to  the  figures  for  the  individual  days  the  net 
outgo  varies  from  165  calories  below  to  194  calories  above  the  net 
income.  Expressed  in  percentages  of  net  income,  the  range  here  is 
from  —6.5  to  +9.1  per  cent.  Both  these  extremes  occurred  on  the 
first  days  of  the  respective  experiments.  In  general,  the  results  for 
the  first  day  of  an  experiment  are  found  to  be  less  satisfactory  than 
those  for  the  succeeding  da3Ts.  Considering  each  experiment  as  a 
whole,  and  comparing  the  averages  of  the  several  experiments  one 
with  another,  the  range  of  variation  is  less.  Here  the  net  outgo  varies 
from  103  calories  below  to  62  calories  above  the  net  outgo  per  day. 
Expressed  in  percentages  of  net  income,  the  range  is  from  —4.1  to 
+2.9  per  cent.  But  in  the  average  for  the  9  experiments  the  figures 
for  the  net  income  and  outgo  are  practically  the  same,  being  2,288  and 
2,278  calories,  respectively.  In  the  average  of  the  2  da}^s  of  the  rest 
experiment  with  A.  W.  S.  there  is  a  disparity  of  1.1  per  cent,  and  in 
the  average  of  the  9  days  of  the  3  rest  experiments  with  J.  F.  S.  the 
difference  is  0.9  per  cent.  Taking  the  45  days  of  the  13  rest  experi- 
ments together,  the  average  income  is  2,255  and  the  average  outgo 
2,250  calories;  the  difference  is  0.2  per  cent.  In  the  average  of  the 
8  days  of  the  2  work  experiments  with  E.  O.  the  net  income  and 
outgo  are  3,865  and  3,829  calories,  respectively,  the  difference  being 


147 

0.9  per  cent,  and  in  the  average  of  the  12  days  of  the  4  work  experi- 
ments with  J!  F.  S.  the  net  income  and  outgo  are  3,547  and  3.540 
calories,  or  a  difference  of  0.2  per  cent.  Taking  into  account  the  6 
work  experiments  with  E.  O.  and  J.  F.  S.,  the  net  income  is  0.5  per 
cent  larger  than  the  net  outgo.  The  averages  for  the  65  days  of  the 
19  experiments  are:  Income,  2,691;  outgo.  2.682  calories.  The  dif- 
ference, 0.3  per  cent,  is  far  within  the  limits  of  experimental  error 
and  physiological  uncertainty. 

In  experiments  of  this  kind,  which  represent  only  the  work  of  a 
period  during  which  experience  with  new  apparatus  and  methods  is 
being  accumulated,  individual  discrepancies  such  as  those  above 
recorded  seem  no  larger  than  might  naturally  be  expected.  The 
agreement  of  the  average  results  is  much  closer  than  was  hoped  for, 
and  we  regard  it  as  by  no  means  certain  that  future  averages  will  show 
so  exact  a  balance. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  to  be  noted  that  when,  to  the  results  of  the  19 
experiments  here  summarized,  those  of  the  11  others  above  referred 
to  as  published  elsewhere  are  added,  the  agreement  is  almost  absolute. 
The  30  experiments  covered,  all  told,  93  days.  The  average  daily 
income  was  2,719  calories  and  the  outgo  2.716  calories.  It  thus 
appears  that,  with  increase  in  the  number  of  experiments,  the  differ- 
ences due  to  unavoidable  errors  more  and  more  nearly  counterbalance 
one  another. 

The  general  subject  of  metabolism  of  energy  in  the  living  organism 
will  be  more  profitably  discussed  when  data  not  yet  published  are 
available.  Meanwhile  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  results  thus  far  obtained 
fall  very  little  short  of  definite  demonstration  of  the  action  of  the  law 
of  the  conservation  of  energy  in  the  living  organism. 


O 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS  ON 
THE  FOOD  AND  NUTRITION  OF  MAN-Continued. 

Bur.     67.   Studies  on  Bread  and  Bread  Making     By  Harry  Snyder  and  L.  A.  Voorhees. 

Pp.  51.      Price.   10  cents. 
Bui.    68.  A  Description  of  Some  Chine-e  Vegetable  Food  Materials  and  Their  Nutri- 
tive and  Kconnniic  Value.      By  \V.f  ('.  Blasdale.     Pp.  48:     Price,  10  cents. 
Bui.    69.  Experiments  on  the  Metabolism  of  Matter  and  Energy  in  the  Human  Body. 

By  W.  0.  Atwater  and  F.  <  r.  Benedict,  with  the  cooperation  of  A.  W.  Smith 

and  A.  P.  Bryant.     Pp.  \\%     Price.  10  cents. 
Bnl.     71.  Dietary  Studios  of  Negroes  in  Eastern  Virginia  in  189/  and  1S98.     By  H.  B. 

Frissoll  and  Isabel  Bevier.     Pp.  45.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.     75.  Dietary  Studies  of  University  Boat  Crews.     By  W.  O.  Atwater  and  A.  P. 

Bryant.     Pp.  72.     Price,  5  cents. 
Buh    84.  Nutrition  Investigations  at  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 

1896-1898.     By  M.  E.  Jaffa.     Pp.  39.     Price.  5  cent-. 
Bnl.    85.  A  Report  of  Investigations  on  the  Digestibility  and   Nutritive  Value  of 

Bread.     By  Chas.  D.  Woods  and  E.  II.  Merrill."    Pp.  51.     Price.  5  cents. 
Bui.     89.  Experiments  on  the  Effect  of  Muscular  Work  upon  the  Digestibility  of 

Food  and  the  Metabolism  of  Nitrogen.     Conducted  at  the  Univorsitv  of 

Tennessee.  1897-1899:     By  0,  E.  Wait.     Pp.  77.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.    91.  Nutrition  Investigations  at  the  Univorsitv  of  Illinois,  North  Dakota  Agri- 
cultural College,  and  Lake  Erie  College,   Ohio,    1896-1900.     By   H.    S. 

Grindley  and  J.  E.  Sammis,  E.  F.  Ladd,  and  Isabel  Bevier  and  Elizabeth 

C.  Sprague.     Pp.  42.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.    98.  The  Effect  of  Severe  and  Prolonged  Muscular  Work  on  Food  Consumption, 

Digestion,  and  Metabolism,  by  W.  O.  Atwater  and  H.  C.  Sherman,  and 

The  Mechanical  Work  and  Efficiency  of  Bicyclers,  by  R.  C.  Carpenter. 

Pp.  67.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  101.  Studios  on  Broad  and  Bread  Making  at  the  Universitv  of  Minnesota  in 

1899  and  1900.     Bv  Harry  Snvder.     Pp.  65.     Price.  5  cents. 
Bui.  102.  Losses  -in  Cooking  Meat.  1898-1900.     By  H.  S.  Grindley,  H.  McCormack, 

and  H.  C.  Porter.     Pp.  64.     Price,  5  cents. 
Bui.  107.  Nutrition  Investigations  Among  Fruitarians  and  Chinese  at  the  California 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  1899-1901.     By  M.  E.  Jaffa.     Pp.  43. 

Price,  5  cents. 

farmers'  bulletins. 

Fo*ods:  Nutritive  Value  and  Cost.     By  W.  O.  Atwater.     Pp.  32. 

Meats:  Composition  and  Cooking.     Bv  C.  D.  Woods.     Pp.  29. 

Milk  as  Food.     Pp.  39. 

Fish  as  Food.     Bv  C.  F.  Langworthv.     Pp.  30. 

Sugar  as  Food.     By  Mary  H.  'Abel.  '  Pp.  27. 

Bread  and  the  Principles  of  Bread  Making.    By  Helen  W.  Atwater.    Pp.  38. 

Beans,  Peas,  and  other  Legumes  as  Food.     By  Mary  H.  Abel.     Pp.  32. 

Eggs  and  Their  Uses  as  Food.     By  C.  F.  Langworthv.     Pp.  32. 

Principles  of  Nutrition  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food. 

CIRCULAR. 

Cir.      46.   Foods  for  Man.     By  C.  F.  Langworthy.     Pp.  10. 

SEPARATES. 

Food  and  Diet.     Bv   W.  ().  Atwater.     Reprinted  from   Yearbook  of  Department  of 

Agriculture  for  1804.     Pp.  44. 
Some  Results  of  Dietary  Studies  in  the  United  States      By  A.  P.  Bryant,     Reprinted 

from  Yearbook  of  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1898.     Pp.  14. 
Development  of  the  Nutrition  Investigations  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.     By 

A.  C.  True  and  R.  D.  Milner.     Reprinted  from  Yearbook  of  Department 

of  Agriculture ior  1899.     Pp.  16. 
The  Value  of  Potatoes  as  Food.     By  C.  F.  Langworthy.     Reprinted  from  Yearbook 

of  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1900.     Pp.  16. 


*Bu 

1.  23. 

Bui. 

34. 

Bui. 

74. 

Bui. 

85. 

Bui. 

93. 

Bui. 

112. 

Bui. 

121. 

Bui. 

128, 

Bui. 

142. 

■illfc; 


